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Social Vulnerability Concepts
“Populations at Risk” “Vulnerable Populations” “Socially Vulnerable” “Special Populations”
Underlying each concept is that some citizens face higher risk of injury, property loss, or death because of their social and economic status and also because mainstream society marginalizes their cultural frameworks or situational locations (Phillips & Morrow, 2007)
Learning Goals
What are different ways of detecting hazards?
Understanding the importance of warning systems
Evaluate and select appropriate protective action for affected populations
Getting the Communities involved
Implications at the Jurisdictional level
General concepts…
Detect hazard Seek additional information Notify pertinent leaders Activate the Emergency Operations Center
(EOC) Initiate the response
Hazard Detection
Senses Feedback from field personnel Dispatch Increased radio traffic News media Hospitals
Hazard Detection (contd.)
Volunteers – ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Services), RACES (Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Services), spot tornadoes and inform EM
Meteorological services and scientists – NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration)
Technology – satellites, birds-eye view Incident Page Network
Incident Page Network (IPN)
Sends alerts to your email, pager, cell phone or other wireless messaging device in real-time
Nationwide coverage, plus extended coverage in Canada and Australia
Worlds largest and most comprehensive breaking news notification network
Specific states, counties & cities, incidents, hours
Classic Persuasion Model
Warning research: 1. hearing the warning, 2. believing
that it is credible, 3. confirming the warning, 4.deciding if it
pertains to the recipient, 5. determining if protective action is
necessary, 6. deciding if protective action is feasible, and 7.
determining what action to takeSource
MessageChannel Receiver
Feedback
Effect
Protective Action Decision Model
Predecisionalprocesses
Environmental cues
Socialcontext
Information sources
Information channels
Message content
Receiver characteristics
Risk identification:“Is there a real threat I need to pay
attention to?”
Risk assessment:“Do I need to take protective action?”
Protective action search:“What can be done to achieve
protection?”
Protective action assessment:“What is the best method of protection?”
Protective action implementation: “Does protection action need to be taken
now?”
Information needs assessment:
“What information do I need?”
Communication action assessment: “Where and how can I obtain this
information?”
Communication action implementation: “Do I need the information now?”
Initial Steps a Person Takes
Seeking additional information- what happened? - has it been verified? - what are the consequences? - can city leaders or departments provide support?- what do first responders need?
Notifying and communicating with others- dispatch, field personnel, fire department
Thought Process
Assessment – information gathered, decisions made, message formulated
Dissemination – information relayed, time it is relayed, received and acted upon by public
Risk identification – do threats exist? Risk assessment – protection required? Risk reduction – is protection possible? Protective response – what protective action is
best and taking it
Watch and Warning
Watch – conditions are ripe for a hazard to occur
Warning – indicates hazard is imminent, is taking place, or has occurred- when, how long, - severity of impact, projected damages- potential power outages, - closed street areas
Types of Warning Systems
Sirens Media Emergency Alert System Reverse 911 Intercoms, Tele-typewriters, Telephone
devices, strobe lights Loud speakers, door-to-door notification,
weather radios
Warning Considerations
Clear and accurate Repeated and consistent Credible sources must confirm People perceive warnings differently
Why People Do not Evacuate?
Not aware of risk Do not take the risk seriously Warnings are not clear Fear of looting Age Size and make up of family Missing family members and pets Neighbors behavior Experience Education, Type of housing
Evacuation
Horizontal and/or Vertical evacuation
Procedures1. Decision to evacuate2. Notify population3. Provide guidelines4. Direct traffic5. Ensure compliance and continued safety
- stragglers6. Monitor evacuation and traffic
Issues
Sampling vulnerable populations Research teams End user integration – participatory action
research
Literature Overview - GENDER
1. Gender relations in family and work roles affect their vulnerability in different ways
2. Gender interacts with other variables to increase vulnerability – single-parents, females, lower income
3. Gendered practices thwart women’s potential contribution
4. Results in difficulties in responding to warnings and taking protective actions
Literature Overview
1. Limited research on what kinds of forecasting information the elderly want, through what channels, and how they come to a decision
2. Children3. Race and ethnicity4. Persons with disabilities
Getting the Community Involved
Discuss your work with friends and neighbors Set up hazard hotline Speak to various stakeholder groups – expand
the pool of knowledgeable groups Form citizen committees – neighborhood
watch, CERTs
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
1. Federal, state and local government agencies should work through peer groups rather than only through the newsmedia to increase hazard knowledge and trustworthiness
www.opsplanner.com/Images/servicesolutiongrap...
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
2. Increase support for public education programs by experts and knowledgeable organizations -FEMA, Red Cross, insurance agencies, disaster researchers
mainearts.maine.gov/organizations/community/i...
www.isrt.com/simulation.jpg
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
3. Encourage formation and institutionalization of broad-based support groups for individual householders – Neighborhood Watch/ Community Emergency Response Teams
www.ci.daytona-beach.fl.us/police/images/CERT...
http://www.tuscoema.org/CERT/Image2.jpg
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
4. Encourage businesses at the local level to participate in community dialogues to strengthen vertical and horizontal linkages – planning for business continuity
http://www.controles.co.uk/solutions/business_continuity.jpg
http://www.utopicsolutions.com/images/servic13.jpg
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
5. Involve NGOs, NPOs, CBOs, religious organizations, and businesses during the early stages of risk communication
www.volunteerministers.org/img/katrina/7_sept...
medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/2...
Implications at the Jurisdictional Level
7. Renew funding for the ‘Community Partnership Model’ that was promoted by FEMA’s PROJECT IMPACT initiative to help transition from public education and preparedness to mitigation activities among local business communities and citizen groups
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