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Effect Pigments
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Locations and Partnerships
Germany: Fuerth, GuentersthalWackersdorf
Sales agencies: France, England, Benelux, Russia, Hong KongRepresentations: in more than 70 countries
Eckart America L.P.
Eckart Finland
Eckart Italia S.r.l.
Eckart Switzerland
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Plant Güntersthal
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Production of Effect Pigments
PropertiesOptical Effects ColoursStabilityPigment Orientation
Pigment Forms and Logistics Forms of Delivery
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Metallic and Pearlescent Pigments
•Metal pigments made of non-ferrous metals
•Diameter 3µm to 500 µm
•Pearl pigments made of mica.
•Diameter 5µm to 250 µm
•Full shade or combinations with transparent colorants
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Color Pigment - Absorbtion
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Metallic Pigment - Reflexion
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Pearl-Pigment -Reflexion+Transmission
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Organic Pigment
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Organic Pigment
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Metal Pigment
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Metal Pigment
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Metal Pigment
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Pearl Pigment
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Ingot
Oven
Atomizing
Ball - Mill
Cyclone
Sieve
Final Products
Dry Milling Process
Production of Pigments
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Ingot
Oven
Atomizing
Sieve
Filter cakes
Wet Milling Process
Filter Press
MineralSpirit
Production of Pigments
Ball - Mill
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Ingots
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Atomizing
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Production of Pigments
atomised Al powder aluminium flake
irregular conventional flake
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Production of Pigments
atomised Al powder aluminium flake
spherical „Silver Dollar“
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Ball Mill
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Pearlescent Pigments
Layered TiO2 / Mica / TiO2
Platelets
Diameter 5 - 250 µm
Thickness 0,1 - 2 µm
Titanium dioxide 10 - 50%
Mica 50 - 90%
additionally
Iron oxide 3 - 7%
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The optical effect of pearlescent pigments is based on light reflection and refraction at interfaces of transparent substances with different refractive indices.
Law of Snellius
Pearlescent Pigments
α
β
n1: small refractive index
n2: large refractive index
Law of Snellius: n1 x sin α = n2 xsin β
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Colors
Gold Bronze
The different gold shades of bronze pigments are caused by altering the ratio of copper to zinc. Regardless of the supplier the name of these different bronze shades remains the same.
Name Alloy Colour
Copper 100% Copper copper
PaleGold 90% Copper/ 10% Zinc reddish
RichPaleGold 85% Copper/ 15% Zinc yellow
RichGold 70% Copper/ 30% Zinc yellow-green
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Colors
Pearlescent Pigments
They are available in 4 groups of colour shades. The different colours are achieved by a variation in the coating.
Group Coating Colour
WhiteSilver TiO2 - thin layer white/silver
Interference TiO2 increasing thicknesses e.g. green, blue, red
Gold tones TiO2 followed by Fe2O3 various gold shades
Copper tones Fe2O3 in different thicknesses various copper shades
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Colors
05
1015202530354045
MS10 MS20 MS40 MS50 MS60 MS70
Interferenc Color depending on the TiO2- content
% TiO2
white/silver
yellow
red violet
bluegreen
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Optical Properties
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Optical Properties
Reflection + Scattering
Ideal Mirror Ideal dull Surface100% Reflexion 100% Scattering
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Optical Properties
Reflection + Scattering
Metal Effect = Reflexion + Scattering
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Optical Properties
Metallic Effect
Edges : Light is scatterd
Surface: Light is reflected
The brightness depends on the ratio surface to edges
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Optical Properties
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Optical Properties
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Stability
All pigments Minimal shearMinimal shear to be applied while dispersing.
Aluminum Pigments are stable in most plastics. No restriction as concerns temperature.
Gold Bronze Uncoated Pigments: only for LDPE / PS Heat stable up to : 200°C = 400°F/5 min.Resist Pigments: also for PVC / PET / PP.Heat stable up to : 260°C = 500°F/5 min.
Pearlescent Suitable for all plastics. Pigments Heat stable up to : 800°C
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Stability
Low Shear High
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Stability
Mechanical Properties:
Influence of Shear Forces
SEM photographs of shear stressed pigments(magnification: approx. 16.000 x)
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Stability
Low Shear High
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Stability
0
1
2
3
4
5
150°C/305F 170°C/340F 190°C/375F 210°C/410F 230°C/445F 250°C/480F 270°C/515F
uncoatedcoated
Heat stability of Gold Bronze Pigments
∆ E
D E = overall color change Normally accepted max D E = 3 after 5 min. dwelltime
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Effect of the Particle Size
Whiteness Brilliance Tinting Strength
Fine
Coarse
Optical Properties
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Optical Properties
Particle Size Distribution
Reflexal 211
Lac NDT
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Optical Properties
Particle Size Distribution
Two pigments with the same average particle size but with a different particle size distribution will not have the same brilliance.The pigment with a narrower particle size distribution, i.e. fewer fines will be more brilliant.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
5µm
8µm
12µm
18µm
23µm
30µm
36µm
45µm
56µm
63µm
70µm
90µm
110µ
m13
5µm
165µ
m21
0µm
260µ
m32
0µm
400µ
m
BrilliantGrey
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Optical Properties
Orientation
poor good
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Optical Properties
Pigment Orientation
Optical effects are also effected by the orientation
Optimal effect: All pigments are orientated parallel to the surface
Extrusion : good orientation
Injection moulding : poor orientation Can cause flow linesmark
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Pigment
Forms and Logistics
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Pigment Powders
Advantages: - Lower costs- Universal compatibility with different plastics
Disadvantages: Dust !!Dust !!- Can cause dust explosions (fine Aluminium pigments)
- Strong tendency to agglomerate- Not easy to disperse without destroying the pigment flakes
Pigment Forms and Logistics
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Pigment Pastes
Advantages: - Dust free- Pre-dispersed- Safe handling- Longer storage stability - Customized carriers
Disadvantages: - No universal application- Greasy
Pigment Forms and Logistics
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Pigment Forms and
Preparations
Aluminum Pigments -- Pigment Powders / Pastes / Pellets
Bronze Pigments -- Pigment Powders/Pastes
Pearlescent Pigments -- Pigment Powders/Pastes
Logistics
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ALAFAVE Workshop - Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, May 21-23, 2003
Div. Pigments & Additives /BU Specialized Industries
Miguel O. Vega
- Dyes, Pigment Preparations &Additives for Candles -
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Evolution of the specialty chemicals industry
Ciba-Geigy Ltd
1990
Sandoz Ltd
SandozChemicals
Ltd
Hoechst Ltd
Bayer Ltd
TextileDyes
TextileDyes
Hoechst Specialty
Chemicals
1995
Spin-off
Clariant Ltd
Sandoz Ltd
DyStar GmbH
Joint Venture
Ciba-GeigyLtd
1996
Karl-Hans König
is watching
you
Novartis Ltd
Fusión
SpecialtyChemicals
Adquisición
1997
Hoechst Specialty
ChemicalsClariant Ltd
Clariant Ltd
2000
NIPA
Adquisición
CHRISTIANSON
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Where we are ?
Clariant is located in more than 120 countries, working 30,000 colleagues and selling about 20,000 products for the for the chemical industry.
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What we do ?
TLP
Masterbatches
P&A
FUNLSE
CLARIANT
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Colour and Light
Light beamInformationColour of Light
Absorbing media
remaining lightcreates colourperception
To see objects we need light.
From the whole bandwidth of electromagnetic waves in universe man can only detect visually the tiny wavelength range of ~ 400 - 700 nm which we call light.
Radiation with larger or smaller wavelengths are invisible for man.
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Factorising of LightIsaac Newton 1643 to 1727
white light
Prisma
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Color is the result of the selective absorption ofparts of the visible spectrum from white light
Wavelength Color ColorAbsorbed, nm Absorbed Seen
400-435 Violet Yellow-Green435-480 Blue Yellow480-490 Green-Blue Orange490-500 Blue-Green Red500-560 Green Purple560-580 Yellow-Green Violet580-595 Yellow Blue595-605 Orange Green-Blue605-750 Red Blue-Green
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Subtractive Mixing of Colours
Yellow Cyan Magenta
nm
Beispiel: Gelb/Zyan Grünexample: yellow + cyan = green
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
380 440 520 600 680Tr
ansm
issi
onAll three colours absorb in the visible range of light so only a small transmission remains.
Laying all three colour filters one over the other creates a dark grey-brown (no black).
Mixing of colouring bodies
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CIE Colour Model of 1931
The three dimensional colour system defines colours according to brightness and chroma, but does not show colours in the difference from each other in which they are perceived by the eye. Later the CIE* XYZ Model (“shoe sole”) was developed from this.
Shade Brightness Chroma
*CIE = Commission International de l´Eclairage.
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What is a Colorant ?
A natural or synthetic material, organic or inorganic, characterized
by its ability to absorb visible light. Colorants are divided into two
groups - dyes and pigments.
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Classification of Colors
Dyes: Soluble in the media in which they are applied
Pigments: Insoluble in the media in which they are applied
Pigment Preparations: Dispersed pigment in a vehicle
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Colour IndexColour Index
By producer, with trade nameStructure (optional)PropertiesApplication field
Report to Colour Index :
Constitution numberGeneric nameTrade name
Listing in Colour Index :
According to application, properties, shade and structure.
Classification in Colour Index :Generic nameConstitution number
Nomenclature system for pigments and dyestuffs
The Colour Index is published by the Society of Dyers and Colorists (GB) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.
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Generic namesGeneric namesexampleexample
Structure: CI Class Shade NumberPigment Violet 19Pigment Violet 19Pigment RedPigment Red 112112
Shade.
Number:CI Class:CI Class:
yellow, orange, red, violet, blue, green, brown, black, white.Continuous
PigmentPigmentDyes: Dyes:
Solvent Reactive,Vat Basic,, Acid, Direct,Disperse.
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Organisation
Inorganic Organic
InsolublePigments
Natural
Direct (anionic)
Acid (anionic)
Water Soluble Water Dispersible
Vat
Soluble by Chemical Modification Oil/Solvent Soluble
Synthetic
SolubleDyes
COLORANTS
Reactive (anionic)
Basic (cationic)
Mordant (anionic)
Disperse (nonionic)
Sulfur
Naphthol
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Oil / Solvent Soluble Dyes
Solvent dyes encompass a wide range of chromophoric groups
(azo, xanthene, triphenylmethane, phthalocyanine, metal
complex) but are free of water solubilizing groups. Solubility in
a particular solvent or blend varies for each dye.
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Oil / Solvent Soluble Dyes
Solvent dyes find application in
- plastics - leather coatings- fuels and lubricants - packaging printing- candles - adhesives- polishes - industrial ink jet inks- wood stains - drawing and writing inks- industrial coatings - smoke signals
Clariant products: Fat, Savinyl, Telajet, Sandoplast, Polysynthren,Hostasol
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Clariant oil/solvent soluble dye ranges
Fat- Nonionic, extender-free solvent dyes- Good solubility in almost all organic solvents- Standardized in a petrol solution
Sandoplast- Polymer-soluble solvent dyes- In very low concentrations are also suitable for coloration of cleaners,
care products and waxes- Standardized in polystyrene
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Clariant oil/solvent soluble dye ranges
Hostasol- Nonionic solvent and vat dyes with fluorescence effects in solution- Excellent heat and blooming stability- Very good light fastness- Standardized in polystyrene
Savinyl- Metal complex dyes- Alcohol soluble- High light fastness- Standardized in an alcohol/ethylene glycol monoethylether mixture
** only selected savinyl dyes
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Most common technical problemsMost common technical problems
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Heat resistance Heat resistance Influence of limiting concentrations Influence of limiting concentrations on on colourcolour fadingfading
Violet Pigments
Hea
tres
ista
nce
°C
180200220240260280300320
0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005Pigment concentration [%] in HDPE
P.V. 19, - modif.P.V. 23β
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Global radiation in Kilolangleys per year (Kly)
60 6060
70
70
70
80 8080
100120
160
160160 160
160160
160-180
120
200180
180180 180
140120
120100
8070
160
140 100120
100
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Light fastness / Blue scale
unexposedexposed until stage 3
exposed until stage 5
exposed until stage 7
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Stage
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Poor pigment dispersion on white candlePoor pigment dispersion on white candle(influence on wicks burning properties)(influence on wicks burning properties)
100 µm
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Migration
Red candle
Blooming / Bleeding on white surface
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MetamerismDepending on the illumination light the color impression changes
CWFD 65A© Datacolor
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Suggested formula
Raw materials % wt/wt
Paraffin wax 86.0Microcrystalline wax mixt. 8.8Vybar 1.0Light stabilizer system (100% active) 0.2Dyes (Sandoplast, Savinyl, etc.) 0.005-0.02oror Pigment preparation 0.05-0.2
(Licosperse)Fragance 4.0
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Colour matching software MatchWizard®
To receive this software, please contact:Mark Self , Clariant Corp.-USA.Technical Manager SpecializedIndustriesPhone: 401-823-2331Candles@Clariant.com
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Product range
High performance, high fastness organic pigments Colorants for Aluminium
• Hostaperm® • Anodal®• Graphtol® • Sanodal®
• Sanodye®Organic pigments for paints and inks Aluminium Pastes
• Novoperm® • Stapa Hydrolux®• Graphtol® • Stapa Metallux®• Watchung® • Stapa Hydroxal®• Bon® • Stapa Mobilux®
• Stapa Metallic®High colour strength organic pigments Aluminium Powders
• Permanent® • Standart Chromal®• Standart Reflexal®
Organic pigments for paint coloration Perlescent Pigments
• Hansa® • Flonac®
Organic pigments for plastic coloration Bronce Powders
• PV Fast® • Standart®• Graphtol® • Standart Resist®• Watchung®
Binder-free pumpable aqueous pigment preparations Metallic Inks
• Colanyl® • Metal Star®• Viscofil® • RotoStar Aqua®• Flexonil® • Ultra Star®• Hostatint®
Alcohol-soluble metal complex dyes Multi use acid dyes, basic and reactive
• Savinyl® • Duasyn®
Polymer-soluble dyes for plastics
• Sandoplast®
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Product range
PE, PP, amide, montan waxesMicronized waxes
• Licowax® • Ceridust®• Licolub®
Anti-oxidants UV Light stabilisers• Hostanox® • Hostavin®• Sandostab® • Sanduvor®
• Nylostab®
Anti-statics Multifunctional additives• Hostastat® • Hordaphos®• Sandin®
Flame retardants, halogens free Anti-microbial• Exolit® • Sanitized®
Other additives• Phosphorus Pentoxide• Red Phosphorus• Yellow Phosphorus• Phosphorus Oxychloride• Polyphosphoric Acids
Optical brightener• Hostalux & Leucopure®
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Contact
Ing. Miguel Oscar VegaDiv. Pigmentos y AditivosPrinting Industries +Specialized Industries: Stationery & Candles
Tel.: 525-55-387-32-58Fax: 525-55-387-32-51miguel.vega@clariant.com
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