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F lywheel Energy Storage
System
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Contents
Introduction
Types of energy storage system
Flywheels
Components of F lywheels
Applications of FESS FESS in Space
FESS in Vehicles
Gyro Bus
FESS in Power Source
Comparison
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
Storage is needed to [12] :
Buffer temporal variations of loads and
sources. Provide a constant, predictable source to the
grid.
Provide flexibility during dynamic marketconditions.
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Types of Energy Storage System [3]Electrochemical Energy
Storage
Conventional Solid StateBatteries (CSSB)
Flow Cell Batteries (FCB)
Built around chemicalpotentials of redoxreactions to store andrelease energy
Mechanical Energy
Storage
Flywheels (FES)
Pumped Hydro (PHES)
Compressed Air (CAES)
Superconducting MagneticEnergy Storage (SMES)*
Built around thefundamentals of potentialand kinetic energy physics
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Mechanical Energy Storage System
Flywheels
Principle: Energy is stored in the form ofMechanical Energy [7].
Light weight fiber composite materials areused to increase efficiency[7].
Flywheel Arrangement [2]
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Permanent magnet (PM) motors are currently
the most commonly used motors for Flywheel
systems [12].
Motor efficiency must be high over the entire
speed.
Power range of operation is 50,000rpm to
100,000rpm, with a power rating of up to
30kW [12].
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Components of FESS [1]
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Applications of FESS FES in space
FES in vehicle
FES in power source
Other applications [10]
i. Load levelling for micro turbines
ii. Load levelling for fuel cells
iii. Energy storage for micro-grids (islanding)
iv. Stop and go power recycling for metro/subwaystations
v. Stop and go power recycling for multielevatorbuildings
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FESS in Space
NASA's 41,000 RPM G2 flywheel [6]
NASA flywheel unit will store in excess of 15MJ and can deliver a peak power of more than
4.1 kW.
US$ 200 million will be saved if flywheelsreplace the first generation of space station
batteries .
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FESS in Vehicles
Flywheel-Based Driveline
Power is transferred from the wheels directly tothe main energy storage device (e.g., batteries)
during regenerative braking [8]. Flywheels offer steady voltage and power level,
independent of load, temperature, or state ofcharge[9].
Flywheel system is physically divided in twovoltage levels through the flywheel machinestator windings[5].
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A schematic figure of the electric driveline
system with an integrated flywheel machine[5].
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Gyro Bus
Electric Bus with no overhead grid of Electric
lines.
Bus carried a three-ton rotating steel wheel
attached to an unusual electric motor instead
of Engine.
Flywheel kinetic energy back into electricity
which drove the bus wheels
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FESS in Power Source
Flywheels for UPS Applications
Lower life cycle cost, being more environmentallyfriendly, and providing enhanced reliability and efficiencyover battery based systems [4].
Benefits[11]
Integration with standby gen-sets
Continuous power conditioning and power
quality improvement applications.Load levelling for standby or continuous gas
turbines
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Comparison of Lead-Acid Batter ies,
Flywheel Batteries, and SMES [12]
Lead-Acid Battery Flywheel Battery SMES
Storage mechanism Chemical Mechanical Electrical
Life (years in service) 3 5 >20 ~20
Technology Proven Promising Promising
Number ofManufacturers ~ 700 ~ 5 ~1
Annual Sales ($ in
millions)
~ 7000 ~ 2 A few
Temperature Range Limited Broader, but still limited Controlled
Environmental concerns Disposal issues Small Small
Relative size Larger Smallest Smaller
Maximum time to hold a
charge
Years Hours Days
Price ($/kW) 50 100 300 400 >300
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Advantages and disadvantages of
f lywheel energy storage
Advantages
Power and energy are
nearly independent
Fast power response
Potentially high specific
energy
Short recharge time
Disadvantages
Complexity of durable
and low loss bearings
Mechanical stress andfatigue limits
Material limits at around
700M/sec tip speed
Potentially hazardous
failure modes
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Conclusion
Very compact when compared to other energy
storage systems.
High cycle and calendar life
Relatively high round-trip efficiency
A flywheel is preferred due to light weight and
high energy capacity.
Relatively high parasitic and intrinsic losses
Short discharge times
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References
1. B. Abdi, A. A. J. S. M. S. H. H., 2011. A Comparative Approach within Chemical Battery, Flywheel andSupercapacitor Base Energy Storage System for LEO Satellite Applications. International Review of ElectricalEngineering (I.R.E.E.),, Volume vol 6, pp. 739-743.
2. Bjorn Bolund, H. B. M. L., 2005. Flywheel energy and power storage systems. Renewable and sustainable energyreviews, pp. 235-258.
3. C. Kathirvel, K., 2011. Technologies for Tapping Renewable Energy: A Survey. European Journal of ScientificResearch, 67(1), pp. 112-118.
4. Davis, S., 2012. Hybrid Flywheel System Extends UPS Run Times with Batteries. POWER ELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGY, January, pp. 16-18.
5. George N. Prodromidis, F. A. C., 2011. Simulations of economical and technical feasibility of battery andflywheel hybrid energy storage systems in autonomous projects. Elsevier Renewable energy, pp. 149-153.
6. Haichang Liu, J. J., 2006. Flywheel energy storage-An upswing technology for energy sustainability. Elsevier andenergy buildings, pp. 599-604.
7. Janaina G. Oliveira, J. L. a. H. B., 2011. Converter for Regenerative Braking in a Two-Voltage-Level Flywheel-Based Driveline. International Journal of Vehicular Technology, pp. 1-9.
8. Janaina Goncalves de Oliveira, J. L. J. d. S. a. H. B., 2010. "A Double Wound Flywheel System under StandardDrive Cycles: Simulations and Experiments,". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 11(4).
9. O. Briat, J. V. W. L. S. A. a. E. W., 2007. Principle, design and experimental validation of a flywheel-battery hybrid
source for heavy-duty electric vehicles. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 665-674.10. Patrick T. McMullen, L. A. H. C. S. H. D. R. D., 2003. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A 100 KW ENERGY STORAGE
FLYWHEEL FOR UPS AND POWER CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS. 24th International PCIM Conference.
11. Pierce, A., 2011. Hi-Tech Flywheels Spin Kinetic Energy into Electricity. Technology Today, November, pp. 10-11.
12. Tsao, P. I.-P., 2003. Power. eecs. [Online] Available at:http://wwwpower.eecs.berkeley.edu/publications/theses/PerryPhDThesis.pdf[Accessed 25 March 2013].
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