FINITE STATE MACHINES (FSM) DESCRIPTION IN VHDLdea.unsj.edu.ar/sda/7_FSM_SDA.pdf ·...

FINITE STATE MACHINES (FSM)

DESCRIPTION IN VHDL

Cristian Sisterna

FSM Review

Cristian SisternaFSM - DSDA

A sequential circuit that is implemented in a fixed number of possible states is called a Finite State Machine (FSM).

Finite state machines are critical for realizing the control and decision-making logic in a digital system.

Finite state machines have become an integral part of the system design.

VHDL has no formal format for modeling finite state machines.

To model a finite state machine in VHDL certain guidelines must be followed.

FSM Example

Realizar la descripción en VHDL de un receptor y transmisor serie

tipo RS-232. El dato recibido y el dato a transmitir debe tener el

siguiente formato:

1 bit de start

8 bits de datos

Paridad programable: paridad/no paridad, par/impar

1 bit de stop

Frecuencia de transmisión por defecto es de 9600 Bauds, pero

el código debe permitir también otras frecuencias como: 4800,

38400, 115200 Bauds.

FSM Example

RS-232 Tx format

State Machine State Diagram

FSM General Schemes

State Machine General Scheme 1

OutputsInputs

Current

Logic Current

Output

Next State

Current

State Logic

Output

Outputs

InputsNext

Current

State Output

Output

Current

Output

Synchr.

Output

Output A

InputsNext

Current

Output Z

Current

Synchr. and

Output Logic

Synchr. and

Output Logic

State Machine - Special Case 1

Outputs

InputsNext

Current

LogicCurrent

Output

Current

Synchr.

Output

FSM – VHDL Considerations

FSM VHDL General Design Flow

Specifications

Understand the Problem

Draw the ASM or State Diagram

Define an FSM Enumerated Type

Define FSM Signals

Select an Encoding Technique (optional)

Write the VHDL Code

Traditional Steps

VHDL Steps

FSM Enumerated Type Declaration

Declare an enumerated data type with values (names) the states of

the state machine

The only values that current_state and next_state can hold are:

IDLE,START,STOP_1BIT,PARITY,SHIFT

-- declare signals of FSM_States type

signal current_state, next_state: FSM_States;

-- declare the states of the state-machine

-- as enumerated type

type FSM_States is(IDLE,START,STOP_1BIT,PARITY,SHIFT);

Declare the signals for the next state and current state of the state

machine as signal of the enumerated data type already defined

for the state machine

Symbolic State Names

FSM – Encoding Techniques

FSM Encoding Techniques

State Assignment

During synthesis each symbolic state name has to be

mapped to a unique binary representation

A good state assignment can reduce the circuit size

and increase the clock rate (by reducing

propagation delays)

The hardware needed for the implementation of

the next state logic and the output logic is directly

related to the state assignment selected

type FSM_States is(IDLE, START, STOP_1BIT, PARITY, SHIFT);

signal current_state, next_state: FSM_States;

FSM Encoding Schemes

An FSM with n symbolic states requires at least [log2 n ]

bits to encode all the possible symbolic values

Commonly used state assignment schemes:

Binary: assign states according to a binary sequence

Gray: use the Gray code sequence for assigning

states

One-hot: assigns one ‘hot’ bit for each state

Almost one-hot: similar to one-hot but add the all

zeros code (initial state)

FSM Encoding Schemes

Binary Gray One-Hot Almost One-hot

idle 000 000 00001 0000

start 001 001 00010 0001

stop_1bit 010 011 00100 0010

parity 011 010 01000 0100

shift 100 110 10000 1000

Encoding Schemes in VHDL

How is the map process done ?

During synthesis each symbolic state name has to be

mapped to a unique binary representation

user attribute (synthesis attribute)

enum_encoding(VHDL standard

explicit user-defined assignment

default encoding

syn_encoding – Quartus & Synplify

• syn_encoding is the synthesis user-attribute of Quartus

(Synplify) that specifies encoding for the states modeled by an

enumeration type

• To use the syn_encoding attribute, it must first be

declared as string type. Then, assign a value to it, referencing

the current state signal.

-- declare the (state-machine) enumerated type

type my_fms_states is (IDLE,START,STOP_1BIT,PARITY,SHIFT);

-- declare signals as my_fsm_states type

signal nxt_state, current_state: my_fsm_states;

-- set the style encoding

attribute syn_encoding: string;

attribute syn_encoding of my_fms_states : type is “one-hot”;

syn_encoding - Quartus & Synplify

Possible values:

default: assign an encoding style based on the number of states:

Sequential encoding for 0 - 4 enumerated types

One-hot encoding for 5 – 50 enumerated types

Gray encoding for > 50 enumerated types

sequential: 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

one-hot: 0000001 00000010 00000100 . . .

gray: 000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100

johnson : 0000 0001 0011 0111 1111 1110 1100 1000

safe: default encoding + reset logic to a known state

attribute syn_encoding: string;

attribute syn_encoding of my_fms_states: type is “one-hot, safe”;

user-defined: assign an encoding style defined by the userattribute syn_encoding: string;

attribute syn_encoding of my_fms_states: type is “10 11 01 00”;

Examples of Synthesis Reports (Quartus)

Results for Different Encoding Schemes

One-hot

One-hot Gray Gray-Safe Binary Johnson

combinatio

functions

76 66 66 68 66 68

Dedicated

registers

45 45 43 43 43 43

Max. frq. 352.24 340.95 331.02 335.01 338.34 311.72

Simple, 5 states, state machine

Results for Different Encoding Schemes

One-hot

One-hot Gray Gray-Safe Binary Johnson

combinati

functions

556 523 569 566 561 573

Dedicated

registers

215 215 201 201 201 206

Max. frq. 187.3 175.22 186.39 180.6 197.63 186.22

19 states, state machine

Xilinx XST State Encoding Techniques

Auto-State Encoding

One-Hot Encoding

Gray State Encoding

Compact State Encoding

Johnson State Encoding

Sequential State Encoding

Speed1 State Encoding

User State Encoding

XST (the synthesis tool for ISE) supports the following

state encoding techniques:

XST State Encoding Techniques

Declare the attribute as follows:

attribute fsm_encoding: string;

Specify as follows:

attribute fsm_encoding of {entity_name|signal_name }:

{entity |signal} is "{auto | one-hot | compact|

sequential| gray| Johnson | speed1|user}";

The default is auto

Precision State Encoding Techniques

Possible values:

• Binary

• Onehot

• Twohot

• Gray

• Random

-- Declare the (state-machine) enumerated type

type my_state_type is (SEND, RECEIVE, IGNORE, HOLD, IDLE);

-- Set the type_encoding_style of the state type

attribute type_encoding_style of my_state_type:type is ONEHOT;

Declare the attribute as follows:

attribute type_encoding_stype string;

Note: precision is a synthesis tool available in some FPGA vendor’s software

Precision State Encoding Techniques

type_encoding_style allows to fully control the state

encoding hard code the state code in the source code

-- Declare the (state-machine) enumerated type

type my_state_type is (SEND, RECEIVE, IGNORE, HOLD, IDLE);

-- Set the type_encoding attribute

attribute type_encoding_style of my_state_type:type is

("0001","01--","0000","11--","0010");

Note: Precision allows to use ‘-’. It can be used to reduce the size of the circuit

State Machine Coding: Residual States

If one-hot state coding is not used, the maximum number of states is equal to 2**N, where N is the vector length of the state vector

In state machines where not all the states are used, there are three options:

Let chance decide what is to happen if the machine goes to an undefined state

Define what is to happen if the state machine goes to an undefined state by ending the case statement with when others

Define all the possible states in the VHDL code

State Machine Coding: Synplify Report

State Machine Coding: XST Report

==============================================

* Advanced HDL Synthesis *

==============================================

Analyzing FSM <FSM_0> for best encoding.

Optimizing FSM <rs232_tx/tx_current_state/FSM> on signal

<tx_current_state[1:3]> with sequential encoding.

-----------------------------

State | Encoding

-----------------------------

idle | 000

start | 001

shift | 010

parity | 011

stop_1bit | 100

-----------------------------

State Machine Coding: Quartus Report

State Machine Coding: Simulation

FSM Style Description Example

State Machine VHDL Coding Styles

Coding Style Current State Next State Logic Output Logic

Style E Seq. Logic Comb. Logic Seq. Logic

Style A Seq. Logic Comb. Logic Comb. Logic

Style C Seq. Logic Comb. Logic

Style D Seq. Logic Comb. Logic

Style B Seq. Logic

OutputsInputs

Current

Logic Current

Output

Current

Output

FSM: Clocked Process for Current State

Cristian Sisterna FSM - DSDA

The current_state clocked process decides when the state machine

should change state

This process is activated by the state machine’s clock signal

Depending on the current state and the value of the input signals,

the state machine can change state at every active clock edge

Current state gets the value of the next state on the active edge of

the clock

The next state value is generated in the next state process

(combinational process), depending on the values of current state

and the inputs

FSM: Combinational Process

Assigns the output signals their value depending on the current state

Assigns the next state value depending on the current state and the

input’s value(s)

Next state logic and output logic is best modeled using case

statements are better for this process

All the rules of combinatorial process have to be followed to avoid

generating unwanted latches

For Mealy Machines if-then-else statement is used to create

the dependency between the current state, the input signals and

output signals

Next State and Output Logic

State Machine: Reset behavior

Asynchronous reset: ensure that the state machine

is always initialized to a known valid state, before

the first active clock transition and normal operation

commences

No reset : there is no way to predict the initial value

of the state register flip-flops. It could power up

and become permanently stuck in an uncoded state.

FSM Style Descriptions - Example

S1S0X = 1Z = 1

X = 0Z = 0

X = 1Z = 0

X = 0Z = 1

S1Z = 1

S0Z = 0 X = 1X = 0

Mealy FSM

Moore FSM

Seq. Output Logic

Style E - Moore State Machine

process (clk, rst)

if(rst = ‘1’) then

state <= S0;

elsif (rising_edge(clk)) then

state <= next_state;

end if;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 =>

Z <= ‘0’;

when S1 =>

Z <= ‘1’;

when others =>

Z <= ‘1’;

end case;

end process;

Comb. Next State Logic

Seq. Present State Logic

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

else(X=‘1’) then

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

Current

State Logic

Output

Seq. Output Logic

Xstate

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

elsif (rising_edge(clk))

end if;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 =>

Z <= ‘0’;

when S1 =>

Z <= ‘1’;

when others =>

Z <= ‘1’;

end case;

end process;

-- VHDL code example for an FSM

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity my_fsm is

x: in std_logic;

clk: in std_logic;

rst: in std_logic;

z: out std_logic );

end entity my fsm;

architecture beh of my_fsm is

-- fsm enumerated type declaration

type fsm_states is (S0, S1);

-- fsm signal declarations

signal next_state, state: fsm_states;

-- current state logic

cst_pr: process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process cst_pr;

-- next state logic

nxt_pr:process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process nxt_pr;

- - output logic

out_pr:process (clk, rst)

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 => Z <= ‘0’;

when S1 => Z <= ‘1’;

when others => Z<= ‘1’;

end case;

end process out_pr;

end architecture beh;

Style E - Mealy State Machine

Comb.Next State Logic

Seq.Present State Logic

Seq. Output Logic

Warning on Mealy Outputs !

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 =>

if (X = ‘0’) then

Z <=…;

Z <=... ;

end if;

when S1 =>

.... ;

end if;

when others =>

Z<=‘0’;

end case;

end if;

end process;

Comb.Output LogicSeq. Present State Logic

Style A - Moore State Machine

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

process (state)

Z <= ‘0’; -- default value

case state is

when S0 => Z <= ‘0’;

when S1 => Z <= ‘1’;

when others => Z <= ‘0’;

end case;

end process;

Style A – Moore Synthesis

Style A - Mealy State Machine

Comb. Output Logic

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

Z <=…;

Z <=... ;

end if;

when S1 =>

.... ;

end if;

when others =>

Z<=‘0’;

end case;

end process;

Style A – Mealy Synthesis

Comb. Output Logic - Mealy

Style A – Moore & Mealy State Machine

Comb.Output Logic Moore

Hypothetical case

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=‘0’) then

next_state <= S0;

next_state <= S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if ….

next_state <= .. ;

when others =>

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

Z <=…;

end if;

when S1 =>

.... ;

end if;

when others =>

Z<=‘0’;

end case;

end process;

process (state)

case state is

when S0 => Y <= ‘1’;

when S1 => Y <= ‘0’;

when others => Y <= ‘0’;

end case;

end process;

Style B - Moore State Machine

Seq. State, Next State and Output Logic

process(clk, rst)

state <= S0;

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 =>

if (X=’0’) then

state <= S0;

elsif (X=’1’) then

state <= S1;

end if;

Z <=‘0’;

when S1 =>

end if;

Z <= ‘1’ ;

end case;

end if;

end process;

Style B - Mealy State Machine

Seq. State, Next State and Output Logic

process(clk, rst)

state <= S0;

Z <= ‘0’;

case state is

when S0 =>

if (X=’0’) then

state <= .... ;

Z <= ... ;

elsif (X=’1’) then

state <= .... ;

Z <= ... ;

end if;

when S1 =>

end if;

end case;

end if;

end process;

Style B – Moore Synthesis

Style B – Mealy Synthesis

Comb. Output Logic

Style C - Moore State Machine

Seq. Present State and Next State Logic

process (clk, rst)

State <= S0;

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X =’1’) then

state <=S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

if( X = ‘1’) then

state <=S0;

end if;

end case;

end if;

end process;

process (state)

case state is

when S0 => Z <=‘0’;

when S1 => Z <=‘1’;

when others Z <=‘0’

end case;

end process;

Seq. Present State and Next State Logic

Style C - Mealy State Machine

Comb. Output Logic

process (clk, rst)

State <= S0;

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X =’1’) then

state <=S1;

end if;

when S1 =>

state <=S0;

end if;

end case;

end if;

end process;

process (state, X)

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X=’1’) then

Z <= ... ;

end if;

when S1 =>

if(X=’1’) then

Z <= ... ;

end if;

end case;

end process;

Style C – Moore State Machine

Style C - Mealy State Machine

Comb. Next State and Output Logic

Style D - Moore State Machine

process (state, X)

next_state <= state;

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X =’1’) then

next_state <=S1;

end if;

Z <=‘0’;

when S1 =>

next_state <=S0;

end if;

Z <=‘1’;

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

Style D - Mealy State Machine

Comb. Next State and Output Logic

process (state, X)

next_state <= state;

Z <= ... ;

case state is

when S0 =>

if(X =’1’) then

next_state <= ... ;

Z <= ... ;

end if;

when S1 =>

next_state <= ... ;

Z <= ... ;

end if;

end case;

end process;

process (clk, rst)

state <= S0;

end if;

end process;

Style D – Moore State Machine

Style D - Mealy State Machine

FSM Example

Another Example: Memory Controller FSM

Let’s try to obtain an state diagram of a hypothetical memory controller FSM that has the

following specifications:

The controller is between a processor and a memory chip, interpreting commands from the

processor and then generating a control sequence accordingly. The commands, mem, rw and

burst, from the processor constitute the input signals of the FSM. The mem signal is asserted to

high when a memory access is required. The rdwr signal indicates the type of memory access,

and its value can be either ’1’ or ’0’, for memory read and memory write respectively. The

burst signal is for a special mode of a memory read operation. If it is asserted, four

consecutive read operations will be performed. The memory chip has two control signals, oe

(for output enable) and we (for write enable), which need to be asserted during the memory

read and memory write respectively. The two output signals of the FSM, oe and we, are

connected to the memory chip’s control signals. For comparison purpose, let also add an

artificial Mealy output signal, we_mealy , to the state diagram. Initially, the FSM is in the idle

state, waiting for the mem command from the processor. Once mem is asserted, the FSM

examines the value of rdwr and moves to either the read1 or the write state. The input

conditions can be formalized to logic expressions, as shown below:

mem’ : represents that no memory operation is required (mem=‘0’)

mem.rdwr: represents that a memory read operation is required (mem=rdwr=‘1’).

mem.rdwr’: represents that a memory write operation is required (mem=‘1’; rdwr=‘0’)Based on an example from the “RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL” book, By Pong Chu

Memory Controller FSM

Processor

Memory

Controller FSM

Memory IC

Data Bus

Address Bus

we_mealy

mem’

mem.rdwr

burst’

mem.rdwr’

we_mealy

Memory Controller FSM – VHDL Code

Entity-Architecture Declarations

FSM enumeration type declaration, FSM signal declarations

library ieee ;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

entity mem_ctrl is

port (

clk, reset : in std_logic;

mem, rdwr, burst: in std_logic;

oe, we, we_mealy: out std_logic

end mem_ctrl ;

architecture mult_seg_arch of mem_ctrl is

type fsm_states_type is

(idle, read1, read2, read3, read4, write);

signal crrnt_state, next_state: fsm_states_type;

Current state process

−− current state procesee

cs_pr: process (clk, reset)

if(reset = ’1’) then

crrnt_state <= idle ;

elsif(rising_edge(clk))then

crrnt_state <= next_state;

end if;

end process cs_pr;

Next state process (1)

−− next−state logic

nxp:process(crrnt_state,mem,rdwr,burst)

case crrnt_state is

when idle =>

if mem = ’1 ’ then

if rw = ’1’ then

next_state <= read1;

next_state <= write;

end if;

next_state <= idle;

end if;

when write =>

next_state <= idle;

Next state process (2)

when read1 =>

if (burst = ’1’) then

next_state <= idle;

end if;

when read2 =>

when read3 =>

when read4 =>

next_state <= idle;

when others =>

next_state <= idle;

end case;

end process nxp;

Moore outputs process−− Moore output logic

moore_pr: process (crrnt_state)

we <= ’0’; −− default value

oe <= ’0’; −− default value

case crrt_state is

when idle => null;

when write =>

we <= ’1’;

when read1 =>

oe <= ’1’;

when read2 =>

oe <= ’1’;

when read3 =>

oe <= ’1’;

when read4 =>

oe <= ’1’;

when others => null;

end case ;

end process moore_pr;

Mealy output process−− Mealy output logic

mly_pr: process(crrt_state,mem,rdwr)

we_me <= ’0’; −− default value

case state_reg is

when idle =>

if (mem=’1’)and(rdwr =’0’)then

we_me <= ’1’;

end if;

when write => null;

when read1 => null;

when read2 => null;

when read3 => null;

when read4 => null;

end case;

end process mly_pr;

Mealy output statement

−− Mealy output logic

we_me <= ’1’ when ((crrnt_state=idle) and (mem=’1’) and(rdwr=’0’))

’0’;

Another Example

FSM Example – RS232

Realizar la descripción en VHDL de un receptor y transmisor serie

tipo RS-232. El dato recibido y el dato a transmitir debe tener el

siguiente formato:

1 bit de start

8 bits de datos

Paridad programable: paridad/no paridad, par/impar

1 bit de stop

Frecuencia de transmisión por defecto es de 9600 Bauds, pero

el código debe permitir también otras frecuencias como: 4800,

38400, 115200 Bauds.

RS-232 Tx format

RS232 Tx Controller

Parity

DatoSent

StartTx

SysClock

SysReset

Dato(7:0)

DatoSerie

FSM Example – RTL Synthesis View

FSM Example – Quartus State diagram

FSM Example: Solution 2 - RTL Viewer

RTL Viewer

Double click

FSM Example: Solution 2- RTL Viewer

Double click

FSM Example: Solution 2 – FSM Viewer

Synpsys FSM Viewer

In this case a clock enable is used.

FSM Example – RS232 Other Approach

Desplaz

amiento

RS232 Tx Controller

Parity

DatoSent

StartTx

SysClock

SysReset

Dato(7:0)

StartStopBit

Sel1, Sel0

DatoSerie

Interacting State Machines

Interacting FSM

Tx_busy’

Tx_busy

Ld_Tx’

Transmitter FSMController FSM

Tx_busy

Tx_busyTx_busy’

Ld_Tx’

Interacting FSM

Outputs

Inputs

Process

Current

ProcessCurrent

Output

Process

OutputsInputs

Process

Current

Process

Current

Output

Process

Tx_busy

Transmitter

Processes

Controller

Processes

ctrl_tx.vhd

Interacting FSM

Outputs

Inputs

Process

Current

ProcessCurrent

Output

Process

OutputsInputs

Process

Current

Process

Current

Output

Process

Tx_busy

tx_fsm.vhd

cntrl_fsm.vhd

FINITE STATE MACHINES (FSM) DESCRIPTION IN VHDLdea.unsj.edu.ar/sda/7_FSM_SDA.pdf ·...

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Experiments on Finite State Machines (Theory of FSM ...bob/csi5118/fsmtheory.pdf(1) Mealy Machine a mealy machine is a FSM which can be characterized by a quintuple: M=(I,S,O,f,g)

chapter viii finite state machines (fsm) - ECE User Home Pages

Mealy and Moore Machines - Electrical and Computer … - Mealy and Moore... · February 22, 2012 ECE 152A - Digital Design Principles 16 Mealy Machines and Glitches ... For Mealy

Announcements 10 Notation [Formal Methods]adrion/520-f04/PDF/Lecture10.pdf · •further developed by Dan Hoffman, Rick Snodgrass, etc ... Mealy & Moore Machines •Mealy machine

Finite State Machines (FSM)

Software components as monadic, weighted Mealy …jno/ps/fcup13sl.pdf · · 2013-10-15Software components as monadic, weighted Mealy machines in typed linear algebra ... Example

Learning Mealy Machines with Timers · 2018. 2. 2. · succeeded to learn Mealy machine models by having the network adaptor ignore all retransmissions, and by completing learning

Learning Nondeterministic Mealy Machinesproceedings.mlr.press/v34/khalili14a.pdf · Learning Nondeterministic Mealy Machines ... a2 are the words obtained by pre xing and post xing

Moore and Mealy Machines - · PDF file01-07-2011 · Moore & Mealy Machines Convert the following Moore machine to a Mealy machine: Moore & Mealy Machines. Moore & Mealy Machines

Moore and mealy machines

SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS MEALY AND MOORE …SPECIFICATION OF SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS 1 SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS MEALY AND MOORE MACHINES TIME BEHAVIOR STATE MINIMIZATION Introduction

[PPT]VHDL 3 Finite State Machines FSM - Chinese University …khwong/www2/ceng3430/vhdl5.pptx · Web viewVHDL 5FINITE STATE MACHINES (FSM) Some pictures are obtained from FPGA Express

L9 - Mealy and Moore Machines - UC Santa Barbara - Mealy an… · 1 Mealy and Moore Machines ECE 152A –Winter 2012 February 22, 2012 ECE 152A -Digital Design Principles 2 Reading