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Fertility Restoration in Garlic
EU project “Garlic and Health” - Work Package 2
Rina Kamenetsky and Haim D. Rabinowitch
Idit London, Marina Baizerman, Ada Harazy and Amit Shiftan
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a completely
sterile plant, propagated only
vegetatively
Increase of genetic variation occurs only
via random or induced mutations,
new cultivars are bred by clonal selection
Allium longicuspis from Central Asia, a
member of the garlic taxon, is probably
the most primitive one.
Background information
Sterility was assumed to result from (Etoh & Simon, 2002)
• Nutritional competition between floral and vegetative buds in the
developing inflorescence (Koul and Gohil, 1970)
• Degeneration of the tapetum (Novak, 1972)
• Degenerative-like disease (Konvicka, 1973)
• Chromosomal deletions (Etoh, 1985)
• Hormonal imbalance and competition for resources between
the simultaneously forming bulb, growing cloves and
developing inflorescence (Pooler & Simon, 1994)
Garlic clones are classified according to their ability to bolt:
1. Complete bolting: long stalk with many flowers and topsets
2. Incomplete bolting: thin short stalk with a few large topsets
3. Nonbolting: producing only cloves inside incomplete scape
(Takagi, 1990)
Missions to Central Asia in 2000 and 2001, resulted in a collection of 241 accessions, including wild populations and land-races.
Incomplete-bolting accession
Bolting accession
Bolting garlic
J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. (2004) Developmental Physiology
Environmental Control of Garlic Growth and Florogenesis
Rina Kamenetsky, Idit London Shafir, Hanita Zemah, Amalia Barzilay and H. D. Rabinowitch
1 - 8 9 10 11 12 13Weeks of experiment
20/120C
23/150C
20/12C20/12C
SD
LD
LD
SD 23/15C23/15C
20/120C 23/15CLDLD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
20/12C20/12C20/12C20/12C
SD
SD
SD
SD
23/15C23/15C23/15C23/15C
SD
SD
SD20/120C
20/120C
Fig. 1. Phytotron thermo- and photo-period treatments in 2001-2002 experiments. Propagation bulbs were subjected to 60 days of constant storage temperature at 40C prior to planting. Short days (SD) = 10 hrs insolation; Long days (LD) = 10 hrs sunlight followed by 10 hrs of incandescent light.
1
3
2
5
6789
10111213
4
Treatmentnumber
Plants under continuous SP did not
bolt and produced numerous axillary
leaves
Following stratification, seeds were sown in November
Garlic nursery: A general view Individual garlic seedling, accession No. 500
March, 2002
TreatmentLeaf number prior to floral
initiation
Maximum scape length
Sprouting cloves
Dormant cloves
SD - LD1054.310
SD 13010
LD757.410
SD - 1 w LD - SD1031.510
SD - 2 w LD - SD1354.79
SD - 3 w LD - SD1260.59
SD - 4 w LD - SD1356.09
Growth temperatures 20/12 – 23/150C
incomplete-bolters
5
10
15
20
Coun
t Axis
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
100.0%
99.5%
97.5%
90.0%
75.0%
50.0%
25.0%
10.0%
2.5%
0.5%
0.0%
maximum
quartile
median
quartile
minimum
17.670
17.670
17.582
15.670
14.830
11.585
10.330
10.000
9.365
9.330
9.330
Quantiles
Mean
Std Dev
Std Err Mean
upper 95% Mean
lower 95% Mean
N
12.62214
2.42410
0.37405
13.37754
11.86674
42.00000
Moments
mean leaf no.
Distributions
bolters
5
10
15
Coun
t Axis
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
100.0%
99.5%
97.5%
90.0%
75.0%
50.0%
25.0%
10.0%
2.5%
0.5%
0.0%
maximum
quartile
median
quartile
minimum
12.000
12.000
12.000
11.653
11.000
10.330
9.830
9.347
8.670
8.670
8.670
Quantiles
Mean
Std Dev
Std Err Mean
upper 95% Mean
lower 95% Mean
N
10.41571
0.80401
0.09610
10.60743
10.22400
70.00000
Moments
mean leaf no.
Distributions
semi bolters
mean leaf no.
No.
of
accessio
ns
Mean leaf number
bolters
5
10
15
20
Coun
t Axis
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
100.0%
99.5%
97.5%
90.0%
75.0%
50.0%
25.0%
10.0%
2.5%
0.5%
0.0%
maximum
quartile
median
quartile
minimum
17.670
17.670
17.582
15.670
14.830
11.585
10.330
10.000
9.365
9.330
9.330
Quantiles
Mean
Std Dev
Std Err Mean
upper 95% Mean
lower 95% Mean
N
12.62214
2.42410
0.37405
13.37754
11.86674
42.00000
Moments
mean leaf no.
Distributions
bolters
5
10
15
Coun
t Axis
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5
100.0%
99.5%
97.5%
90.0%
75.0%
50.0%
25.0%
10.0%
2.5%
0.5%
0.0%
maximum
quartile
median
quartile
minimum
12.000
12.000
12.000
11.653
11.000
10.330
9.830
9.347
8.670
8.670
8.670
Quantiles
Mean
Std Dev
Std Err Mean
upper 95% Mean
lower 95% Mean
N
10.41571
0.80401
0.09610
10.60743
10.22400
70.00000
Moments
mean leaf no.
Distributions
semi bolters
mean leaf no.
T F
Frequency distribution of scape length (42 accessions)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
scape length (cm)
freq
uenc
y
40-50 60-7050-60 90-10080-9070-80
T
F
Leaf Scape Flower/topset Pollen
number length, cm index germination, %
Early (15/5 - 5/6) 10.6±0.17 61.2±1.75 T 0
Mid (5/6 - 25/6) 13.4±0.46 80.7±2.7 F 94.74
Late (25/6 - 5/7) 15.7±1.02 78.4±6.8 F 100
Date of spathe breaking
Physiological parameters of bolting garlic (42 accessions)
Newly-formed bulbs from seeds varied by…
1 cm1 cm
skin colour
1 cm1 cm
bulbing ability 1 cm1 cm
bulb size and clove formation
Publications:
• Kamenetsky, Rina and H. D. Rabinowitch (2001).Floral development in bolting garlic. Sexual Plant Reproduction 4, 235-241
• Kamenetsky, Rina, Idit London Shafir, Hanita Zemah, Amalia Barzilay and H. D. Rabinowitch (2004). Environmental control of garlic growth and florogenesis. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. (in press)
Ada Harazy
Amit Shiftan
Amalia BarzilayMarina Baizerman
Yizhak Forer
Hanita Zemah
Idit London Shafir
SPECIAL THANKS
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