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Rational Root Theorem

Rational Root Theorem:Suppose that a polynomial equation with

integral coefficients has the root , where h and k are relatively prime integers. Then h must be a factor of the constant term of the polynomial and k must be a factor of the coefficient of the highest degree term.

(useful when solving higher degree polynomial equations)

hk

How many solutions does the equation have?1. 4 25 36 0x x

4

2. 3 25 7 8 16 0x x x 3

a) State all possible rational zeros for g(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 3x + 5Possible rational zeros: +5, +1

b) State all possible rational zeros b) State all possible rational zeros for g(x) = 6xfor g(x) = 6x33 + 6x + 6x22 - 15x - 2 - 15x - 2

+6,+3,+2,+1 +2,+1

+1 +5,+1

Factors of the constant Factors of the leading coefficient

Possible rational zeros: +2,+1+6,+3,+2,+1 2

161

32

31 ,,2,1,,

Example 1Example 1

Solve using the Rational Root Theorem: 4x2 + 3x – 1 = 0 (any rational root must have a numerator

that is a factor of -1 and a denominator that is a factor of 4)

factors of -1: ±1factors of 4: ±1,2,4possible rational roots: (now use synthetic division

to find rational roots)

1 11, ,2 4

1 4 3 -1 4 7 4 7 6 no

-1 4 3 -1 -4 1 4 -1 0 !yes

4 1 04 1

14

xx

x

11,4

x

(note: not all possible rational roots are roots!)

Ex : Solve using the Rational Root Theorem:3 22 13 10 0x x x : 1,2,5,10: 1

hk

1 1 2 -13 10 1 3 -10 1 3 -10 0 !yes

2 3 10 05 2 0

5, 2

x xx x

x

5,1, 2x

1, 2, 5,10possible rational roots:

Ex : Solve using the Rational Root Theorem: 3 24 4 0x x x

: 1,2,4: 1

hk

possible rational roots: 1, 2, 4

1 1 -4 -1 4 1 -3 -4 1 -3 -4 0 !yes

2 3 4 04 1 0

1, 4

x xx x

x

1,1, 4x

Ex : Solve using the Rational Root Theorem: 3 23 5 4 4 0x x x : 1,2,4: 1, 3

hk

possible rational roots:1 2 41, 2, 4, , ,3 3 3

-1 3 -5 -4 4 -3 8

3 -8 -4 -4

0 !yes

23 8 4 03 2 2 0

2 , 23

x xx x

x

21, , 23

x

To find other roots can use synthetic divisionusing other possible roots on these coefficients.(or factor and solve the quadratic equation)

2 3 -8 4 3 2 0 6 -4 3 2 3 -2 0

xx

23

x

Find all zeros of the polynomial function.

3. 4 3 2( ) 4 3 4 4f x x x x x

Factors of last term:

Factors of first term: 1

Possible rational zeros:

How many answers: 4

1, 2, 4

1, 2, 4

1 1 –4 3 4

1

1

–3

–3

0

0

4

Find all real zeros of the function.3.

Possible rational zeros: 1, 2, 4

4 3 2( ) 4 3 4 4f x x x x x

–4

4

0

(x – 1) x3 – 3x2 + 0x + 4( ) = 0

1 1 –4 3 4

1

1

–3

–3

0

0

4

Find all real zeros of the function.3.

Possible rational zeros: 1, 2, 4

4 3 2( ) 4 3 4 4f x x x x x

–4

4

0–1

1

–1

–4

4

4

–4

0

(x + 1) x2 – 4x + 4( ) = 0(x – 1)

x

x

–2

–2

(x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 2) = 0

x = 1, 2

Find all zeros of the polynomial function.

4. 4 3 2( ) 7 9 18f x x x x x

1

How many answers: 4

1, 18 2, 9, 3, 6,

1, 18 2, 9, 3, 6,

Factors of last term:

Factors of first term:

Possible rational zeros:

1 1 –1 7 –9

1

1

0

0

7

7

–2

Find all real zeros of the function.4.

Possible rational zeros:

4 3 2( ) 7 9 18f x x x x x 1, 18 2, 9, 3, 6,

–18

–2

–20

–1 1 –1 7 –9

1

–1

–2

2

9

–9

–18

Find all real zeros of the function.4.

Possible rational zeros:

4 3 2( ) 7 9 18f x x x x x 1, 18 2, 9, 3, 6,

–18

18

0

(x + 1)

(x + 1)(x2 + 9)(x – 2) = 0

x3 – 2x2 + 9x – 18 ( ) = 0( ) ( )

x2 (x – 2) +9 (x – 2)

(x2 + 9) (x – 2)(x + 1)

x = 1, 3 , 2i

Find the roots of x3 + 8x2 + 16x + 5 = 0

Ex : Determine the zeros:3 23 2 6x x x

If f(x) is a polynomial of degree n where n>0, then the equation f(x) = o has at least one solution in the set of complex numbers.

The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Complex Conjugates Theorem If f (x) is a polynomial

function with real coefficients, and a+bi is an imaginary zero of f(x), then a-bi is also a zero of f(x).

(imaginary numbers always come in pairs)

Write a polynomial function f of least degree that has rational coefficients, a leading coefficient of 1, and given zeros.

5. 3, –2

f(x) = (x – 3)(x + 2)

x2 + 2x – 3x – 6

f(x) = x2 – x – 6

Write a polynomial function f of least degree that has rational coefficients, a leading coefficient of 1, and given zeros.

6. i, –2i

f(x) = (x – i)(x + i)(x + 2i)(x – 2i)

f(x) = x4 + 5x2 + 4

(x2 – i2) (x2 – 4i2)

(x2 + 1) (x2 + 4)

x4 + 4x2 + x2 + 4

Some possibilities for zeros (roots)

Equation Real Zeros Imaginary ZerosLinear 1 0

Quadratic 2 00 2

Cubic 3 01 2

Quartic 4 02 20 4

Quintic 5 03 21 4

Find the zeros.

f(x) = x 3 – x2 + 4x – 4 = 0

g(x) = x 4 + 2x 3 – 5x 2 – 4x + 6 = 0

Write a polynomial function of least degree with a leading coefficient of 1.2, 3, -4(x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4) = 0(x2 – 5x + 6)(x + 4) = 0x 3 - x2 – 14x + 24 = 0

Write a polynomial function f of least degree that has rational coefficients, a leading coefficient of 1, and given zeros.

7. 4, 2

( ) 4 2 2f x x x x

24 2x x

x3 – 2x – 4x2 + 8

f(x) = x3 – 4x2 – 2x + 8

Write a polynomial function of least degree with a leading coefficient of 1.7, i

(x – 7)(x – i)(x + i) = 0(x – 7)(x 2 + 1) = 0x 3 – 7 x 2 + x – 7 = 0

Descartes’ Rule of SignsLet f(x) be a polynomial function with real coefficients.

The number of positive real zeros of f(x) is equal to the number of sign changes of the coefficients of f(x) or is less than this by an even number.

The number of negative real zeros of f (x) is equal to the number of sign changes of the coefficients of f(-x) or is less than this by an even number.

huh? ? ?

Using Descartes’ Rule of Signs….

f(x) = x6-2x 5+3x 4 – 10x 3-6x 2 -8x -8

3 sign changes, so f has 3 or 1 positive real roots

f(-x) = x6+2x 5+3x 4 + 10x 3-6x 2 +8x -8

3 sign changes, so f has 3 or 1 negative real roots

g(x) = -x5 – 5x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 8x + 9

Determine the possible number of positive real zeros, negative real zeros, and imaginary zeros of the function given above.

g(x) = -x5 – 5x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 8x + 9

g(-x) = x5 – 5x4 - 7x3 – 4x2 + 8x + 9

Example Determine the possible number of positive

real zeros, negative real zeros, and imaginary zeros of the function given above.

32343 2346 xxxxxxf )(

32343 2346 )()()()()()( xxxxxxf

32343 2346 xxxxxxf )(

Use Descartes’ Rule of signs to find the number of possible real roots.

3 2( ) 5 4 12f x x x x