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Overview
• Project types– Argumentative
– Analytical
– Expository
• Choosing a topic
• Identifying audience
• Conducting research
• Organization and format
Types of Research Projects
• ArgumentativeoClearly defined topicoClearly defined thesis statement (stance)oGoal: Persuade audience
oExample: Martha Schwartz is the most influential contemporary American landscape architect.
oMust support thesis with proof (data) and sound reasoning
Types of Research Projects
• AnalyticaloClearly defined topicoResearch question rather than thesisoGoal: Explore and evaluate topic
oExample: Given Martha Schwartz’s influence on contemporary American landscape architecture, what are her major design inspirations and precedents?
oMust conduct thorough research and explore various sources to try to answer question
Expository
• Expositoryo Informationalo Offers insight into a topic, etc.o Claim/Data/Warrant offers a good insight
into expository essays.
Choosing a Topic
• Consider assignment requirements
• Consider due dates, your schedule, priorities
• Conduct preliminary research; ask preliminary research questions
• Determine interest - choose a topic that fulfills assignment requirements and that interests you
Identifying Audience
• Important questions:– Who are they?– What do they need, expect?– Where will they be reading?– When will they be reading?– Why will they be reading?– How will they be reading?
Identifying Audience
• Primary audience– Gatekeepers, instructor, faculty, etc.
• Secondary audience – Peers, colleagues, coworkers, etc.
• Shadow audience– Others who may read communication -
Internet!
Beginning Research
• Where do I get my information?– Secondary sources:
• Library databases• Professional
publications• Credible Websites
– Primary sources:• Interviews• Observations• Experimentation
– Use Purdue OWL to help you evaluate sources: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/553/01/
How to create a notecard 1
Numbered source and letter
“Quote” (author last name and page number).
(back)
Numbered source
Notecard source cited correctly
(front)
How to create a notecard 2
1
(Ex: Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New
York:Penguin, 1987. Print.)
1A
Example: “And her skeleton shall remain in the chamber forever” (Gleick 2).
Sample Process
TOPIC: Hershey Park
PRELIMINARY OR WORKING THESIS: Hershey Park dominates the Amusement Park world.
Working (Preliminary) Outline
I. Milton Hershey A. Childhood B. Chocolate Factory
II. Hershey Park A. When did it open? B. How has it
changed? C. What’s it currently
like?
III. Other parks A. Disney World 1. Size 2. Cost 3. Number of
visitors B. Dorney Park 1. Size 2. Cost 3. Number of
visitors
IV. Why is Hershey Park better?
Final Outline
Purpose: Serves as a table of contents for your paper. Use it to organize your note cards as your write the rough draft.
Thesis: With its fascinating history, impact on the local community, and charitable activities, Hershey Park dominates the Amusement Park world.
I. Milton Hershey A. Childhood B. Chocolate Factory 1. Its origins 2. Its success through the Depression 3. Its current success C. Boys’ Home for orphans 1. Why he built it 2. When it became The Milton Hershey SchoolII. The Park A. Opening B. Changes since opening 1. Most expensive 2. Most publicized 3. Costs a. public admission b. cost of operation 4. Safety requirements C. Impact on the local community
Notice that the final outline is still a topic outline, even though there is more detail. Your final outline should follow this exact format, with Roman numerals, capital letters, etc. If there is no B, then there should not be an A.
*PLEASE NOTE: THIS SAMPLE OUTLINE IS NOT COMPLETE! YOURS SHOULD HAVE 3-5 MAJOR HEADINGS.
Formatting the 1st Page
No title page
Double space everything
In the upper left corner of the 1st page, list your
name, your instructor's name, the course, and date
Center the paper title (use standard caps but no
underlining, italics, quote, or bold)
Create a header in the upper right corner at half
inch from the top and one inch from the right of the
page (include your last name and page number)
What do I do when all my resources have been cited?
1. Alphabetize them according to the first word of the citation
2. Double space everything
3. Make sure every line under the first one is indented
4. Type Works Cited at the top of the page in the center.
Paper Organization
• Introduction: overview entire document– Purpose/goals
• What is the point of the paper? Argumentative? Analytical?– Audience (optional)
• Is the audience familiar with topic, terms?– For argumentative
• What is your thesis? – For analytical
• What are your research questions?– Research methods
• How did you find your information?– Findings and conclusions– Forecast organization of document– Remember: one of the best ways to learn how to write is to
read a lot of material from your discipline
Paper Organization
• Section 1:– Introduce, explain topic
• Section 2:– Discuss history, background; set the context
• Section 3:– Discuss research methods
• Section 4:– Discuss research findings
• Section 5:– Conclusions
• Works Cited/References• Appendix• If you’re short on page/word count, do more research
Format: General Guidelines
Type on white 8.5” x 11” paper
Double-space everything
Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or similar font)
Leave only one space after punctuation
Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General Guidelines (continued)
Header with page numbers in the upper right corner
Endnotes go on a separate page before your Works
Cited page
NEVER PLAGARIZE YOUR PAPER!
PLAGIARISM
• It's like lip-synching to someone else's voice and accepting the applause and rewards for yourself.
• IF YOU PLAGIARIZE, YOU WILL FAIL!!! …any time you take a writer’s words and use them as your own, you are plagiarizing
Works Cited Page: BooksBasic Format:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Examples:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York:
Penguin, 1987. Print.
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to
Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.
Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St.
Martin's, 1997. Print.
---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale:
Southern Illinois UP, 1993. Print.
Works Cited Page: Periodicals
Article in a Magazine Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year:
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping
Mar. 2006: 143-8. Print.
Article in Scholarly Journal Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year):
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television
as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona
Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127- 53. Print.
Works Cited Page: Other
Film Example:
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin
Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen
Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
Film.
Works Cited Page: WebWeb Source Format:
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Article
Name.” Name of Site. Version number. Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor
or publisher). Date of last update. Medium of publication.
Date of access.
For More Information or Help
• OWL website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu
• Grammar Hotline: 765-494-3723
• Purdue Writing Lab in Heavilon Hall 226, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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