View
2
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Examining the Mindset of a Fraudster:
Psychological Aspects of the
Investigative Interview
Martin Vaughn
Executive Associate
Forensic Interview Solutions
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Psychology of Investigative
Interviewing –
Examining the Mindset of a
Fraudster
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Martin Vaughan
MA, BA(Hons), Pg.Dip.,Cert Ed.
PhD Candidate
Forensic Interviewing
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
What Is Psychology ?
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.
It examines how people think, how they act, react, and interact.
Human
Development
Cognitive
ProcessesSocial
Behaviour
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Think Act React Interact
Psychological process
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Fraud is a human endeavour, involving deception, purposeful
intent, intensity of desire, risk of apprehension, violation of trust,
rationalization, and so on.
The rationale for drawing on behavioural science insights is
evident from the intuition that one needs to
“Think like a crook to catch a crook.”
S. Ramamoorti and W. Olsen, “Fraud: The Human Factor,”
Financial Executive
(July–August 2007): 53–55.
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
“The hands manipulate the
sword, the mind manipulates
the hands. Cultivate the mind
and do not be deceived by
tricks, feints and schemes.
They are the properties of a
magician, not of the samurai.”
Understand the Mind
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Saito Yakuro (1798–1871)
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
What you see isn’t what you get !
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Immediate
Environment
and
Global
Environment
General
Behaviour
Characteristics
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
When Psychopaths Go to Work
“There are some
individuals in the business
world who allow the
responsibilities of
leadership and the perks
of power to override their
moral sense.”
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Greed
Status
Revenge
Excitement
Parity with others
Loss of moral compass
Potential motives
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
1. Sense of entitlement
2. Excessive optimism
3. Rationalization
4. Peer or financial pressure
5. Instant gratification
6. Diffusion of harm
7. Lack of remorse
8. Inadequate fear of punishment
9. Egoism
10. Disregard for authority and rule
Beyond Greed: 10 clues to understanding a
fraudster’s thinking:
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
• Social Skills
• Self-esteem
• Coping ability
• Attitudes and beliefs
• Needs
Characteristics affecting behaviour of
interviewee during interview
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
• Impulsivity
• Guilt and remorse
• Hostility
• Justification
• Minimisation
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Environmental factors that
influence interview behaviour
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
1. Taking action. Is the action about a transaction or a
relationship?
2. The role of play. Am I most interested in enjoying the journey
or getting to the destination?
3. Who benefits? For whom am I doing it? Myself or another
person?
4. Obedience. How do I feel about rules?Michael J. Apter, 2007
4 Basic Motivational Questions
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
3 Questions:
1. What does the offender do that they have
to do to commit the offence?
2. What does the offender do that they do not
need to do?
3. In the context of the offence, what does the offender
not do that he could have done?
Roberts, (2009)
Offence Characteristics
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Killers
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Corporate Psychopath
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Vulnerability?
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Children under 18
Learning disability
Physical disability
Alcohol abuse
ElderlyDrug users
Mental health
No uniform definition in Suspect Interviews – Herrington & Roberts 2012
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Corporate Psychopaths as
Organisational Destroyers
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Jeffrey Skilling,
the convicted former
Enron Corp. chief
executive officer
Robert Maxwell,
billionaire property
owner, newspaper
and book publisher
Fred Goodwin,
the disgraced former
boss of Royal Bank
of Scotland
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Most Psychopathic
Professions
Least Psychopathic
Professions
1. CEO 1. Care worker
2. Lawyer 2. Nurse
3. Media (TV/radio) 3. Therapist
4. Salesperson 4. Craftsperson
5. Surgeon 5. Beautician/stylist
6. Journalist 6. Charity worker
7. Police officer 7. Teacher
8. Cleric 8. Creative artist
9. Chef 9. Doctor
10. Civil servant 10. AccountantProf. Dutton 2012
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
"I should have spent some time inside the stock exchange as well.
Serial killer psychopaths ruin families. Corporate and political and
religious psychopaths ruin economies. They ruin societies."
Professor Robert Hare (1999)
Quote
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Interpersonal
Affective
Lifestyle
Antisocial
Four Facets of PCL-R
www.fis-international.com
Hare (1993)
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Interpersonal Affective Lifestyle Antisocial
Superficial charm Remorselessness ImpulsivityPoor behavioural controls
Grandiosity Shallow affectStimulation seeking
Delinquency
Lying Callousness IrresponsibleCriminalversatility
Conning and manipulative
Failure to accept responsibility
Parasitic lifestyleEarly behavioural problems
Promiscuous sexual behaviour
Lack of realistic goals
Psychopathic Personality Traits
www.fis-international.com
Herve & Yuille (2007)
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Interpersonal Affective Lifestyle Antisocial
Superficial charm Remorselessness ImpulsivityPoor behavioural controls
Grandiosity Shallow affectStimulation seeking
Delinquency
Lying Callousness IrresponsibleCriminalversatility
Conning and manipulative
Failure to accept responsibility
Parasitic lifestyleEarly behavioural problems
Promiscuous sexual behaviour
Lack of realistic goals
Psychopathic Personality Traits
Present During an Interview
www.fis-international.com
Quayle (2008 p.81)
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
One-size-fits-all approach to
investigative interviewing
does not work !
Milne and Griffiths, 2006
Approach to Interviewing
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
• Outwitting the interviewer
• Enjoying being the focus of attention
• Arrogance and grandiosity
• Ignoring or minimising the importance of discrepancies
• Attempting to shock the interviewer
• Seeing through attempts to bluff
• Offering extremely convincing claims of innocence
• Gauging levels of experience, credentials and confidence
• Disrupting the interview
Psychopathic Interviewee
Behaviours
www.fis-international.com
Quayle (2008)
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Case familiarity
Convey experience and confidence
Create atmosphere of authority and formality
Don’t worry about rapport
Avoid emotion
Strategies to Counteract
Behaviours
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Seek liking
Seek learning
Maintain control
Avoid criticism
Challenge cautiously
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
All interviews should be thoroughly planned.
Research both victim and offender.
Understand the psychology of interviewing.
Every interview is different.
Every Strategy is Unique.
Make sure you are match fit !
Summary
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
“The time spent assessing an individual
prior to interview, considering their
lifestyle and behavioural characteristics
– no matter how limited the time or
information available – is likely to pay
high dividends in the interview as it
allows for the design of strategies that
will maximise the information during any
interview and minimise the risk of
unwanted outcomes”
Roberts (2009)
Conclusion
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
The World may be
changing but
Psychopathy remains
the same.
Professor Tony Madden (2015)
Thank You.
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Boddy, C.R.P., Ladyshewsky, R. & Galvin, P. (2010). Leaders without ethics in global business: corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs, 121-138.
Cleckley, H. (1976). The mast of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Fox, A.R., Kvaran, T.H. & Fontaine, R.G. (2012 ). Psychopathy and Culability: How Responsible is the Psychopath for Criminal Wrongdoing? Law & Social Inquiry, 1-26.
Hancock, T.J., Woodworth, M.T. & Porter, S. (2011). Hungry like the wolf: A word-pattern analysis of the language of the psychopaths. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1-13.
Hare, R. (1993). Without conscience; the disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: The Guilford Press Inc.
NPIA. (2009). National Investigative Interviewing Strategy - Briefing Paper. Wyboston, Bedfordshire: NPIA.
Pakes, P. & Winstone, J. (2007). Psychology and Crime. Cullompton: Willan.
Perri, F.S. (2011). The Flawed Interview of a Psychopathic Killer: What Went Wrong. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 41-57.
Quayle, J. (2008). Interviewing a Psychopathic Suspect. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 79-91.
Spidel, A., Herve, H., Greaves, C. & Yuille, J.C. (2011). "Wasn't me!" A field study of the relationship between
deceptive motivations and psychopathic traits in young offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 335-347.
Bibliography
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Steve Rothlein, “Noble Cause Corruption,” Public Agency Training Council , 2008, http://www.patc.com/weeklyarticles/print/noble‐cause‐corruption.pdf. An interesting aspect of “noble cause corruption”—done for love of country, office, or position—is that the individuals engaging in such activity may not be “bad apples” but may in fact be “golden apples,” or the best officers of a government agency, for instance.
Social comparison theory asserts that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others; other people help us to define ourselves. See L. Festinger, “A Theory of Social Comparison Processes,” Human Relations 7 (1954): 117–40; and C. H. Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order (New York: Schocken Books, 1902). For the catch‐me‐if‐you‐can‐game, see F. W. Abagnale, Catch Me If You Can: The Amazing True Story of the Youngest and Most Daring Con Man in the History of Fun and Profit (New York: Broadway Books, 2000).
UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205www.fis-international.com
Forensic Interview SolutionsThe Science of Interviewing
Martin Vaughan
PhD Candidate
MA, BA(Hons), Pg.Dip.,Cert. Ed.,
Executive Associate UK
Forensic Interview Solutions
www.fis-international.com
info@interviewforensics.com
+44 20 3287 4205
www.fis-international.com UNITED KINGDOM +44 20 3287 4205
Follow us on Twitter
@ForensicIS
Examining the Mindset of a Fraudster:
Psychological Aspects of the
Investigative Interview
Martin Vaughn
Executive Associate
Forensic Interview Solutions
Recommended