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Evaluation of the Evaluation of the bleeding patientbleeding patient
V. Kinsella M.D.V. Kinsella M.D.
January,27 2006January,27 2006
MILD bleedingMILD bleeding
1.1. Platelets secretion disordersPlatelets secretion disorders
2.2. vW deficiencyvW deficiency
3.3. Platelets dense granules Platelets dense granules deficiencydeficiency
4.4. Unknown Unknown
Hemostasis and thrombosisHemostasis and thrombosis Dependent on 3 Dependent on 3
factors:factors:
1.1. Vascular Vascular endotheliumendothelium
2.2. PlateletsPlatelets
3.3. Coagulation Coagulation systemsystem
1.Clinical aspects of 1.Clinical aspects of bleedingbleeding
1.Clinical aspects of 1.Clinical aspects of bleedingbleeding
Evaluation of patients with bleeding is Evaluation of patients with bleeding is a multi-step process:a multi-step process:
Complete historyComplete history
Detailed physical examDetailed physical exam
Laboratory evaluationLaboratory evaluation
history
1.1. Is there a Is there a personal or family historypersonal or family history of bleeding after surgical procedures, of bleeding after surgical procedures, dental procedures, childbirth, or dental procedures, childbirth, or trauma?trauma?
2.2. WhenWhen the bleeding episode started? the bleeding episode started?
3.3. Has the patient received Has the patient received medications medications that can cause or make worse a that can cause or make worse a bleeding problem? bleeding problem?
history
Many drugs can contribute to bleeding;Many drugs can contribute to bleeding; semisynthetic penicillinssemisynthetic penicillins
cephalosporinscephalosporinscalcium channel blockercalcium channel blocker dipyridamoledipyridamolethiazides thiazides alcoholalcohol
quinine, quinidinequinine, quinidine chlorpromazine, sulfonamides chlorpromazine, sulfonamides INH, rifampin INH, rifampin methyldopa methyldopa phenytoin, barbiturates, phenytoin, barbiturates, warfarin, heparin, thrombolytic agents warfarin, heparin, thrombolytic agents NSAIDs, ASA NSAIDs, ASA allopurinol allopurinol
TMP/SMX TMP/SMX
physical exam
1. Assess volume status (correct shock if 1. Assess volume status (correct shock if present) present)
2. Look for hepatosplenomegaly2. Look for hepatosplenomegaly
3. Do a rectal exam for evidence of GI 3. Do a rectal exam for evidence of GI bleeding bleeding
4. Examine oropharynx for evidence of 4. Examine oropharynx for evidence of petechiaepetechiae
Clinical aspects of bleedingClinical aspects of bleeding
physical exam5.5. Look for physical signs and symptoms of Look for physical signs and symptoms of
diseases related to diseases related to capillary fragility:capillary fragility: Cushing’s syndrome, Marfan syndrome or Cushing’s syndrome, Marfan syndrome or
exogenous steroidsexogenous steroids "senile purpura”"senile purpura”
Petechiae secondary to coughing, sneezing, Petechiae secondary to coughing, sneezing,
Valsalva maneuver, blood pressure Valsalva maneuver, blood pressure measurementmeasurement
vasculitis ("palpable purpura")vasculitis ("palpable purpura")
Telangiectasias (Osler-Weber-Rendu Telangiectasias (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) (HHT)syndrome) (HHT)
petechiaepetechiae
Do not blanch with Do not blanch with pressurepressure
(angiomas) (angiomas)Not palpableNot palpable
(vasculitis) (vasculitis)
(typical of platelet disorders)
vasculitis (palpable rash)vasculitis (palpable rash)
2. Hematologic disorders 2. Hematologic disorders causing bleedingcausing bleeding
– Platelet disordersPlatelet disorders
– Coagulation factor disordersCoagulation factor disorders
Clinical Clinical differentiation differentiation
Platelets x Platelets x
Coagulation DefectsCoagulation Defects
Platelets DefectsPlatelets Defects• Generally have immediate onset of Generally have immediate onset of
bleeding after traumableeding after trauma
• Bleeding is predominantly in skin, Bleeding is predominantly in skin, mucous membranes, nose, GI tract, mucous membranes, nose, GI tract, and urinary tractand urinary tract
• Bleeding may be observed as Bleeding may be observed as petechiae (<3 mm) or ecchymoses petechiae (<3 mm) or ecchymoses (>3 mm(>3 mm
Clinical aspects of bleedingClinical aspects of bleeding
Coagulation DefectsCoagulation Defects
"Deep" bleeding (in the joint spaces, "Deep" bleeding (in the joint spaces, muscles, and retroperitoneal spaces) muscles, and retroperitoneal spaces) is common. Observed on exam as is common. Observed on exam as hematomas and hemarthroses. hematomas and hemarthroses.
HematomaHematoma
(typical of coagulation factor
disorders)
Hemarthrosis (acute)Hemarthrosis (acute)
Laboratory Evaluation of BleedingLaboratory Evaluation of Bleeding
CBC and smearCBC and smear Platelet countPlatelet count ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopeniaRBC and platelet morphologyRBC and platelet morphology TTP, DIC, etc.TTP, DIC, etc.
CoagulationCoagulation PT extrinsic/common pathwaysPT extrinsic/common pathways
PTT Intrinsic/common pathwaysPTT Intrinsic/common pathways
Coag. factor assays Specific factor Coag. factor assays Specific factor deficienciesdeficiencies
50:50 mix Inhibitors (e.g., antibodies)50:50 mix Inhibitors (e.g., antibodies)
Fibrinogen assay Decreased fibrinogenFibrinogen assay Decreased fibrinogen
Thrombin time Qualitative/quantitative fibrinogen Thrombin time Qualitative/quantitative fibrinogen defects defects
D-dimer Fibrinolysis (DIC)D-dimer Fibrinolysis (DIC)
Laboratory Evaluation of BleedingLaboratory Evaluation of Bleeding
Platelet functionPlatelet function von Willebrand factorvon Willebrand factor vWDvWDBleeding timeBleeding time In vivoIn vivo test test (non-specific)(non-specific)
Platelet function analyzer (PFA)Platelet function analyzer (PFA) Qualitative platelet Qualitative platelet disorders disorders
Laboratory Evaluation of the Laboratory Evaluation of the Coagulation PathwaysCoagulation Pathways
Partial thromboplastin time(PTT)
Prothrombin time(PT)
Intrinsic pathway Extrinsic pathway
Common pathwayThrombin timeThrombin
Surface activating agent (Ellagic acid, kaolin) Phospholipid Calcium
ThromboplastinTissue factorPhospholipidCalcium
Fibrin clot
XIIaXIIa
Coagulation cascadeCoagulation cascade
IIa
Intrinsic system Intrinsic system (surface contact)(surface contact)
XIIXII
XIXI XIa
Tissue factorTissue factor
IXIX IXa VIIa VIIVII
VIIIVIII VIIIaVIIIa
Extrinsic system Extrinsic system (tissue damage)(tissue damage)
XX
VV VaVa
IIII
FibrinogenFibrinogen FibrinFibrin
(Thrombin)(Thrombin)IIa
Vitamin K dependant factorsVitamin K dependant factors
Xa
Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient
Normal PT Normal PTT
Consider evaluating for:Platelet disorder Mild factor deficiencyFactor XIIIMonoclonal gammopathyAbnormal fibrinolysis2 anti-plasmin deficiencyVascular disordersDysfibrinogenemia
Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient
Elevated PT Normal PTT
Test for factor deficiency: 1.Multiple factor deficiencies (common)(Liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, warfarin, DIC) 2. Deficiency of factor VII (rare)
Repeatwith
50:50mix
50:50 mix is normal
50:50 mix is abnormal
Test for inhibitor activity: 1.Specific: Factor VII (rare) 2.Non-specific: Anti-phospholipid
Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding PatientInitial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient
Normal PTAbnormal PTT
Test for factor deficiency:Isolated deficiency in intrinsic pathway (factors VIII, IX, XI) Multiple factor deficiencies (rare)
Repeatwith
50:50mix
50:50 mix is normal
50:50 mix is abnormal
Test for inhibitor activity: Specific factors: VIII, IX, XI Non-specific (anti-phospholipid)
Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient Initial Evaluation of a Bleeding Patient
Abnormal PTAbnormal PTT
Test for factor deficiency:Isolated deficiency in common pathway: Factors V, X, Prothrombin, FibrinogenMultiple factor deficiencies (common) (Liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, warfarin, DIC)
Repeatwith
50:50mix
50:50 mix is normal
50:50 mix is abnormal
Test for inhibitor activity: Specific : Factors V, X, prothrombin, fibrinogen (rare) Non-specific: anti-phospholipid (common)
Bleeding timeBleeding time
5-10% of patients hospitalized patients have 5-10% of patients hospitalized patients have a prolonged bleeding a prolonged bleeding timetime
Most of the prolonged bleeding times are due to Most of the prolonged bleeding times are due to aspirin or drug ingestionaspirin or drug ingestion
Prolonged bleeding time does not predict excess Prolonged bleeding time does not predict excess surgical blood losssurgical blood loss
Not recommended for routine testing in Not recommended for routine testing in preoperative patientspreoperative patients
Thrombin TimeThrombin Time Measures rate of fibrinogen conversion to Measures rate of fibrinogen conversion to
fibrinfibrin
Procedure:Procedure:– Add thrombin with patient plasmaAdd thrombin with patient plasma– Measure time to clotMeasure time to clot
Variables:Variables:– Source and quantity of thrombinSource and quantity of thrombin
Causes of prolonged Thrombin TimeCauses of prolonged Thrombin Time
HeparinHeparin HypofibrinogenemiaHypofibrinogenemia DysfibrinogenemiaDysfibrinogenemia ParaproteinParaprotein Thrombin inhibitors (Hirudin)Thrombin inhibitors (Hirudin) Thrombin antibodiesThrombin antibodies
PLATELETSPLATELETS
Approach to the thrombocytopenic Approach to the thrombocytopenic patientpatient
HistoryHistory
1.1. Is the patient bleeding?Is the patient bleeding?
2. Are there symptoms of a secondary 2. Are there symptoms of a secondary illness? (neoplasm, infection, illness? (neoplasm, infection, autoimmune disease)autoimmune disease)
3. Is there a history of medications, 3. Is there a history of medications, alcohol use, or recent transfusion?alcohol use, or recent transfusion?
Approach to the thrombocytopenic Approach to the thrombocytopenic patientpatient
HistoryHistory4. Are there risk factors for viral infection?4. Are there risk factors for viral infection?
5.Is there a family history of thrombocytopenia?5.Is there a family history of thrombocytopenia?
6. Do the sites of bleeding suggest a platelet 6. Do the sites of bleeding suggest a platelet defect?defect?
Approach to the thrombocytopenic Approach to the thrombocytopenic patientpatient
Assess the number and function of plateletsAssess the number and function of platelets
– CBC with peripheral smearCBC with peripheral smear– Bleeding time Bleeding time – Platelet aggregation studyPlatelet aggregation study– PFAPFA
Classification of platelet Classification of platelet disordersdisorders
Quantitative disordersQuantitative disorders
– Abnormal distributionAbnormal distribution
– Dilution effectDilution effect
– Decreased productionDecreased production
– Increased destructionIncreased destruction
Classification of platelet Classification of platelet disordersdisorders
Qualitative disordersQualitative disorders
– Inherited disorders (rare)Inherited disorders (rare)
– Acquired disordersAcquired disorders ImmuneImmune MedicationsMedications Chronic renal failureChronic renal failure Cardiopulmonary bypassCardiopulmonary bypass Liver diseaseLiver disease
Inherited platelet disordersInherited platelet disorders
Rare congenital abnormalities on synthesis Rare congenital abnormalities on synthesis or release of secretory granulesor release of secretory granules
Inherited platelet disordersInherited platelet disorders
Gray platelets syndrome: Gray platelets syndrome: No alpha granulesNo alpha granules
Inherited platelet disordersInherited platelet disorders May-Hegglin: May-Hegglin: ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia
Large plateletsLarge platelets
Neutrophils – Dohle bodiesNeutrophils – Dohle bodies
Inherited platelet disordersInherited platelet disorders
Glazmann’s thrombasthenia: Glazmann’s thrombasthenia: Congenital deficiency or abnormality of GP Congenital deficiency or abnormality of GP
IIb-IIIaIIb-IIIa
Bernard-Solier syndrome:Bernard-Solier syndrome:Congenital deficiency or abnormality of GP Congenital deficiency or abnormality of GP
IbIb
Acquired platelet disordersAcquired platelet disorders
Decreased production:Decreased production: Ineffective thrombopoiesis - MDS Ineffective thrombopoiesis - MDS
Increased destruction:Increased destruction:ImmuneImmuneNon-immuneNon-immune
Poor aggregationPoor aggregation
Increased platelets destructionIncreased platelets destruction
1. Immune-mediatedIdiopathic - ITPDrug-inducedCollagen vascular diseaseLymphoproliferative diseaseSarcoidosis
2.Non-immune mediatedDICMicroangiopathic hemolytic anemia
ITP is a diagnosis of ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion ! exclusion !
Initial Treatment of ITPInitial Treatment of ITPPlatelet count Symptoms Treatment >50,000 None
20-50,000 Not bleeding None
Bleeding GlucocorticoidsIVIG
<20,000 Not bleeding Glucocorticoids
BleedingGlucocorticoids
IVIGHospitalizationRituximab
COAGULATION COAGULATION FACTOR DEFECTS FACTOR DEFECTS
Inherited Coagulation factor Inherited Coagulation factor bleeding disordersbleeding disorders
– vonWillebrand’s diseasevonWillebrand’s disease
– Hemophilia (A and B)Hemophilia (A and B)
vonWillebrand diseasevonWillebrand disease– Most common hereditaryMost common hereditary coagulation disorder coagulation disorder
– Autossomal dominantAutossomal dominant
– Incidence 1:1000Incidence 1:1000
Erik A. vonWillenbrand M.D.
(1870-1949)
vonWillebrand factorvonWillebrand factor
– Synthesis in endothelium and Synthesis in endothelium and megakaryocytesmegakaryocytes
– Forms large multimers Forms large multimers – Carrier of factor VIIICarrier of factor VIII
– Anchors platelets to subendotheliumAnchors platelets to subendothelium
– Bridge between plateletsBridge between platelets
vonWillebrand diseasevonWillebrand disease
Abnormal synthesis of von Willebrand Abnormal synthesis of von Willebrand factor (vWF) causes decreased factor (vWF) causes decreased platelet adhesion and decreased platelet adhesion and decreased serum levels of factor VIIIserum levels of factor VIII
vonWillebrand diseasevonWillebrand disease
ClassificationClassification
– Type 1 Type 1 Partial quantitative deficiency Partial quantitative deficiency (“decreased”)(“decreased”)
– Type 2 Type 2 Qualitative deficiencyQualitative deficiency (“abnormal”)(“abnormal”)
– Type 3Type 3 Total quantitative deficiencyTotal quantitative deficiency (“absent”) (“absent”)
vonWillebrand diseasevonWillebrand disease
vonWillebrand type
Assay 1 2 3
vWF antigen Normal
vWF activity
Multimer analysis Normal Normal Absent
Laboratory evaluation:Laboratory evaluation:
Treatment of von Willebrand Treatment of von Willebrand DiseaseDisease
DDAVP (deamino-8-arginine vasopressin)DDAVP (deamino-8-arginine vasopressin) plasma VWF levels by stimulating secretion plasma VWF levels by stimulating secretion
from endotheliumfrom endothelium– Duration of response is variableDuration of response is variable– Not generally used in type 2 diseaseNot generally used in type 2 disease– Dosage 0.3 µg/kg q 12 hr IVDosage 0.3 µg/kg q 12 hr IV
Treatment of von Willebrand Treatment of von Willebrand DiseaseDisease
CryoprecipitateCryoprecipitate– Source of fibrinogen, factor VIII and VWFSource of fibrinogen, factor VIII and VWF– Only plasma fraction that consistently contains Only plasma fraction that consistently contains
VWF multimersVWF multimers
Factor VIII concentrate (Intermediate purity)Factor VIII concentrate (Intermediate purity)– Virally inactivated product Virally inactivated product – Humate-P or Koate-HS Humate-P or Koate-HS
HemophiliaHemophilia
Clinical manifestations (hemophilia A & Clinical manifestations (hemophilia A & B are indistinguishable)B are indistinguishable)
1.1. Prolonged bleeding after surgery or Prolonged bleeding after surgery or dental extractionsdental extractions
2.2. Hemarthrosis (most common)Hemarthrosis (most common)
3.3. Soft tissue hematomasSoft tissue hematomas
4.4. Other sites of bleedingOther sites of bleedingUrinary tractUrinary tractCNS, neck (may be life-threatening)CNS, neck (may be life-threatening)
Dosing guidelines for hemophilia ADosing guidelines for hemophilia A Mild bleeding:Mild bleeding: Hemarthrosis, oropharyngeal or dental, epistaxis, hematuriaHemarthrosis, oropharyngeal or dental, epistaxis, hematuria
Target: 30% dosing q8-12h; 1-2 days (15U/kg)Target: 30% dosing q8-12h; 1-2 days (15U/kg)
Major bleedingMajor bleeding– CNS trauma, hemorrhage, lumbar punctureCNS trauma, hemorrhage, lumbar puncture– SurgerySurgery– Retroperitoneal hemorrhageRetroperitoneal hemorrhage– GI bleedingGI bleeding
Target: 80-100% q8-12h; 7-14 days (50U/kg)Target: 80-100% q8-12h; 7-14 days (50U/kg)
Adjunctive therapyAdjunctive therapy– -aminocaproic acid (Amicar) or DDAVP (for mild disease only)-aminocaproic acid (Amicar) or DDAVP (for mild disease only)
Treatment of hemophilia BTreatment of hemophilia B
Agent Agent – High purity factor IXHigh purity factor IX– Recombinant human factor IXRecombinant human factor IX
DoseDose– Initial dose: 100U/kgInitial dose: 100U/kg– Subsequent: 50U/kg every 24 hoursSubsequent: 50U/kg every 24 hours
Acquired bleeding disorders:Acquired bleeding disorders:
1.1. Vitamin K deficiencyVitamin K deficiency
2.2. Liver disease Liver disease
3.3. Warfarin overdoseWarfarin overdose
4.4. DICDIC
5.5. Inhibitors to CFInhibitors to CF
Vitamin K deficiencyVitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K deficiencyVitamin K deficiency Source of vitamin K :Source of vitamin K :
Green vegetables Green vegetables Synthesized by intestinal floraSynthesized by intestinal flora
Required for synthesisRequired for synthesisFactors II, VII, IX ,XFactors II, VII, IX ,XProtein C and SProtein C and S
Causes of deficiencyCauses of deficiency ::MalnutritionMalnutritionBilliary obstructionBilliary obstructionMalabsorptionMalabsorptionAntibiotic therapyAntibiotic therapy
Vitamin K deficiencyVitamin K deficiency
Treatment:Treatment:
Vitamin KVitamin K replacement replacement
Fresh frozen plasmaFresh frozen plasma
DICDIC
Disseminated Intravascular CoagulationDisseminated Intravascular Coagulation
SepsisSepsis
TraumaTrauma– Head injuryHead injury– Fat embolismFat embolism
MalignancyMalignancy
Obstetrical Obstetrical complicationscomplications– Amniotic fluid embolismAmniotic fluid embolism– Abruptio placentaeAbruptio placentae
Vascular disordersVascular disorders
Reaction to toxin (e.g. Reaction to toxin (e.g. snake venom, drugs)snake venom, drugs)
Immunologic disordersImmunologic disorders– Severe allergic reactionSevere allergic reaction– Transplant rejectionTransplant rejection
Activation of both coagulation and fibrinolysisTriggered by
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)(DIC)
MechanismMechanismSystemic activation
of coagulation
Intravasculardeposition of fibrin
Activation of fibrinolysis
Depletion of plateletsand coagulation factors
BleedingThrombosis of smalland midsize vessels
tissue hypoxia and organ failure
Pathogenesis of DICPathogenesis of DIC
Coagulation Fibrinolysis
Fibrinogen
FibrinMonomers
FibrinClot
(intravascular)
Fibrin(ogen)Degradation
Products
Plasmin
Thrombin Plasmin
Release of thromboplastic
material intocirculation
Consumption ofcoagulation factors;
presence of FDPs aPTT PT TT
Fibrinogen
Presence of plasmin D-dimer
Intravascular clot Platelets
Schistocytes
Disseminated Intravascular Disseminated Intravascular CoagulationCoagulation
Treatment approachesTreatment approaches
Treatment of underlying disorderTreatment of underlying disorder
Anticoagulation with heparinAnticoagulation with heparin
Platelet transfusionPlatelet transfusion
Fresh frozen plasmaFresh frozen plasma
Coagulation inhibitor concentrate (ATIII)Coagulation inhibitor concentrate (ATIII)
Hemostasis in liver diseaseHemostasis in liver disease
Liver Disease and HemostasisLiver Disease and Hemostasis
1.1. Decreased synthesis of Decreased synthesis of II, VII, IX, X, XI, and fibrinogenII, VII, IX, X, XI, and fibrinogen
2.2. Dietary Vitamin K deficiency (Inadequate intake or Dietary Vitamin K deficiency (Inadequate intake or malabsortion)malabsortion)
3.3. DysfibrinogenemiaDysfibrinogenemia
4.4. Enhanced fibrinolysis (Decreased alpha-2-antiplasmin)Enhanced fibrinolysis (Decreased alpha-2-antiplasmin)
5.5. DICDIC
6.6. Thrombocytopenia due to hypersplenismThrombocytopenia due to hypersplenism
Management of Hemostatic Defects in Management of Hemostatic Defects in Liver DiseaseLiver Disease
Treatment for prolonged PT/PTTTreatment for prolonged PT/PTT Vitamin K 10 mg SQ x 3 days - usually Vitamin K 10 mg SQ x 3 days - usually
ineffectiveineffective
Fresh-frozen plasma infusion:Fresh-frozen plasma infusion: 25-30% of plasma volume (1200-1500 ml) 25-30% of plasma volume (1200-1500 ml) (immediate but temporary effect)(immediate but temporary effect)
Treatment for low fibrinogenTreatment for low fibrinogen Cryoprecipitate (1 unit/10kg bodyCryoprecipitate (1 unit/10kg body
Warfarin ToxicityWarfarin Toxicity
Warfarin overdoseWarfarin overdoseManaging high INR valuesManaging high INR values
Clinical situation Guidelines
INR therapeutic-5 Lower or omit next dose;Resume therapy when INR is therapeutic
INR 5-9; no bleeding Lower or omit next one or two dose;Resume therapy when INR is therapeutic
Omit dose and give vitamin K ( 1-2 mg po)
Rapid reversal: vitamin K 2-4 mg po (repeat)
INR >9; no bleeding Omit dose; vitamin K 10 mg po; repeat as necessaryResume therapy at lower dose when INR therapeutic
Chest 2004:126; 213 S (supplement)
Warfarin overdoseWarfarin overdoseManaging high INR values in bleeding patientsManaging high INR values in bleeding patients
Clinical situation Guidelines
Serious bleeding at Any elevation INR Omit warfarin
Vitamin K 10 mg slow IV infusion
Omit warfarinRepeat vitamin K injections every 12 hrs FFP, PCC or Factor VIIa (depending on urgency)
Any life-threatening Vitamin K 10 mg slow IV infusionPCC ( or recombinant human factor VIIa)Repeat vitamin K injections every 12 hrs
Chest 2004:126; 213 S (supplement)
Approach to Post-operative Approach to Post-operative bleedingbleeding
1.1. Is the bleeding local or due to a hemostatic failure?Is the bleeding local or due to a hemostatic failure?
Local: Single site of bleeding usually rapid with Local: Single site of bleeding usually rapid with minimal coagulation test abnormalitiesminimal coagulation test abnormalities
Hemostatic failure: Multiple site or unusual pattern Hemostatic failure: Multiple site or unusual pattern with abnormal coagulation testswith abnormal coagulation tests
Approach to Post-operative Approach to Post-operative bleedingbleeding
2.2. Evaluate for causes of peri-operative Evaluate for causes of peri-operative hemostatic failurehemostatic failure
Preexisting abnormalityPreexisting abnormality
Special cases (e.g. Cardiopulmonmary bypass)Special cases (e.g. Cardiopulmonmary bypass)
3.3. Diagnosis of hemostatic failureDiagnosis of hemostatic failure Review pre-operative testingReview pre-operative testing
Obtain updated testingObtain updated testing
Approach to bleeding disordersApproach to bleeding disordersSummarySummary
Identify and correct any specific defect of Identify and correct any specific defect of hemostasishemostasis– Laboratory testing is always needed to establish the cause of Laboratory testing is always needed to establish the cause of
bleedingbleeding
– Screening tests (PT,PTT, platelet count) will often allow placement Screening tests (PT,PTT, platelet count) will often allow placement into one of the broad categoriesinto one of the broad categories
– Specialized testing is usually necessary to establish a specific Specialized testing is usually necessary to establish a specific diagnosisdiagnosis
Use non-transfusional drugs whenever possibleUse non-transfusional drugs whenever possible
RBC transfusions for surgical procedures or large RBC transfusions for surgical procedures or large blood lossblood loss
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
Recombinant human factor VIIa Recombinant human factor VIIa (rhVIIa; (rhVIIa; NovosevenNovoseven))
MechanismMechanism– Direct activation of common pathwayDirect activation of common pathway
UseUse– Factor VIII inhibitorsFactor VIII inhibitors– Bleeding with other clotting disordersBleeding with other clotting disorders– Warfarin overdose with bleeding Warfarin overdose with bleeding
– CNS bleeding with or without warfarinCNS bleeding with or without warfarin
– DoseDose– 90 µg/kg IV q 2 hr 90 µg/kg IV q 2 hr – ““Adjust as clinically indicated”Adjust as clinically indicated”
Cost (70 kg person) - $1 per µgCost (70 kg person) - $1 per µg– ~$5,000/dose or $60,000/day~$5,000/dose or $60,000/day
Drugs and blood products Drugs and blood products used for bleedingused for bleeding
Treatment Approaches toTreatment Approaches tothe Bleeding Patientthe Bleeding Patient
Red blood cellsRed blood cells Platelet transfusionsPlatelet transfusions Fresh frozen plasmaFresh frozen plasma CryoprecipitateCryoprecipitate AmicarAmicar DDAVPDDAVP Recombinant Human factor VIIaRecombinant Human factor VIIa
RBC transfusion therapyRBC transfusion therapyIndicationsIndications
Improve oxygen carrying capacity of bloodImprove oxygen carrying capacity of blood
– BleedingBleeding
– Chronic anemia that is symptomaticChronic anemia that is symptomatic
– Peri-operative managementPeri-operative management
Red blood cell transfusionsRed blood cell transfusionsSpecial preparationSpecial preparation
CMV-negative CMV-negative patients Prevent CMV transmission
Irradiated RBCs Immune deficient recipient Prevent GVHD
or direct donor
Leukopoor Previous non-hemolytic Prevents reaction transfusion reactionCMV negative patients Prevents transmission
Washed RBC PNH patients Prevents hemolysisIgA deficient recipient Prevents anaphylaxis
Transfusion-transmitted diseaseTransfusion-transmitted disease
Infectious agent Risk
HIV 1/500,000Hepatitis C 1/600,000Hepatitis B 1/500,000Hepatitis A <1/1,000,000HTLV I/II 1/640,000CMV 50% donors are sero-positiveBacteria 1/250 in platelet transfusionsCreutzfeld-Jakob disease UnknownOthers Unknown
Platelet transfusionsPlatelet transfusions
SourceSource– Platelet concentrate (Random donor)Platelet concentrate (Random donor)– Pheresis platelets (Single donor)Pheresis platelets (Single donor)
Target levelTarget level– Bone marrow suppressed patient (>10-20,000/µl)Bone marrow suppressed patient (>10-20,000/µl)– Bleeding/surgical patient (>50,000/µl)Bleeding/surgical patient (>50,000/µl)
Fresh frozen plasmaFresh frozen plasma Content - plasma (decreased factor V and VIII)Content - plasma (decreased factor V and VIII) IndicationsIndications
– Multiple coagulation deficiencies (liver disease, trauma)Multiple coagulation deficiencies (liver disease, trauma)– DICDIC– Warfarin reversalWarfarin reversal– Coagulation deficiency (factor XI or VII)Coagulation deficiency (factor XI or VII)
Dose (225 ml/unit)Dose (225 ml/unit)– 10-15 ml/kg10-15 ml/kg
NoteNote– Viral screened productViral screened product– ABO compatibleABO compatible
CryoprecipitateCryoprecipitate
Prepared from FFPPrepared from FFP ContentContent
– Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogenFactor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen
IndicationsIndications– Fibrinogen deficiencyFibrinogen deficiency– UremiaUremia– von Willebrand diseasevon Willebrand disease
Dose (1 unit = 1 bag)Dose (1 unit = 1 bag)– 1-2 units/10 kg body weight1-2 units/10 kg body weight
Hemostatic drugsHemostatic drugsAminocaproic acid (Amicar)Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
MechanismMechanism– Prevent activation plaminogen -> plasminPrevent activation plaminogen -> plasmin
DoseDose– 50mg/kg po or IV q 4 hr50mg/kg po or IV q 4 hr
UsesUses– Primary menorrhagiaPrimary menorrhagia– Oral bleedingOral bleeding– Bleeding in patients with thrombocytopeniaBleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia– Blood loss during cardiac surgeryBlood loss during cardiac surgery
Side effectsSide effects– GI toxicityGI toxicity– Thrombi formationThrombi formation
Hemostatic drugsHemostatic drugsAminocaproic acid (Amicar)Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
MechanismMechanism– Prevent activation plaminogen -> plasminPrevent activation plaminogen -> plasmin
DoseDose– 50mg/kg po or IV q 4 hr50mg/kg po or IV q 4 hr
UsesUses– Primary menorrhagiaPrimary menorrhagia– Oral bleedingOral bleeding– Bleeding in patients with thrombocytopeniaBleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia– Blood loss during cardiac surgeryBlood loss during cardiac surgery
Side effectsSide effects– GI toxicityGI toxicity– Thrombi formationThrombi formation
Hemostatic drugsHemostatic drugsDesmopressin (DDAVP)Desmopressin (DDAVP)
MechanismMechanism– Increased release of VWF from endotheliumIncreased release of VWF from endothelium
DoseDose– 0.3µg/kg IV q12 hrs0.3µg/kg IV q12 hrs– 150mg intranasal q12hrs150mg intranasal q12hrs
UsesUses– Most patients with von Willebrand diseaseMost patients with von Willebrand disease– Mild hemophilia AMild hemophilia A
Side effectsSide effects– Facial flushing and headacheFacial flushing and headache– Water retention and hyponatremiaWater retention and hyponatremia
OverviewOverview1.1. Clinical aspects of bleedingClinical aspects of bleeding
1.1. Hematologic disorders causing bleedingHematologic disorders causing bleedingCoagulation factor disordersCoagulation factor disordersPlatelet disordersPlatelet disorders
2.2. Approach to laboratory abnormalitiesApproach to laboratory abnormalities Diagnosis and management of Diagnosis and management of
thrombocytopeniathrombocytopenia
3.3. Approach to acquired bleeding disordersApproach to acquired bleeding disordersHemostasis in liver diseaseHemostasis in liver diseaseSurgical patientsSurgical patientsWarfarin toxicityWarfarin toxicity
4.4. Drugs and blood products used for bleedingDrugs and blood products used for bleeding
Clinical Features of Bleeding DisordersClinical Features of Bleeding Disorders
Platelet Coagulation disorders factor disorders
Site of bleeding Skin Deep in soft tissues Mucous membranes (joints, muscles) (epistaxis, gum, vaginal, GI tract)
Petechiae Yes No
Ecchymoses (“bruises”) Small, superficial Large, deep
Hemarthrosis / muscle bleeding Extremely rare Common
Bleeding after cuts & scratches Yes No
Bleeding after surgery or trauma Immediate, Delayed (1-2 days), usually mild often severe
Pre-analytic errorsPre-analytic errors
Problems with blue-top tubeProblems with blue-top tube– Partial fill tubesPartial fill tubes– Vacuum leak and citrate Vacuum leak and citrate
evaporationevaporation
Problems with phlebotomyProblems with phlebotomy– Heparin contaminationHeparin contamination– Wrong labelWrong label– Slow fillSlow fill– UnderfillUnderfill– Vigorous shakingVigorous shaking
Biological effectsBiological effects– Hct ≥55 or ≤15Hct ≥55 or ≤15– Lipemia, Lipemia,
hyperbilirubinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemolysishemolysis
Laboratory errorsLaboratory errors– Delay in testingDelay in testing– Prolonged incubation at Prolonged incubation at
37°C37°C– Freeze/thaw deteriorationFreeze/thaw deterioration
Coagulation factor deficienciesCoagulation factor deficiencies
Sex-linked recessiveSex-linked recessive Factors VIII and IX deficiencies cause bleedingFactors VIII and IX deficiencies cause bleeding
Prolonged Prolonged PTT; PTT; PT normalPT normal
Autosomal recessive Autosomal recessive (rare)(rare)Factors II, V, VII, X, XIFactors II, V, VII, X, XIFibrinogen deficiencies cause bleedingFibrinogen deficiencies cause bleeding
Prolonged Prolonged PTPT and/or and/or PTTPTT
Factor XIII deficiency is associated with bleeding andFactor XIII deficiency is associated with bleeding andimpaired wound healingimpaired wound healing
PT/ PTT normal; PT/ PTT normal; clot solubilityclot solubility abnormal abnormal
Factor XII, prekallikrein, HMWK deficiencies Factor XII, prekallikrein, HMWK deficiencies do not cause bleedingdo not cause bleeding
Classification of platelet Classification of platelet disordersdisorders
Associated with bleedingAssociated with bleeding
– Immune-mediated (Idiopathic) Immune-mediated (Idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpurathrombocytopenic purpura
– Most othersMost others
Classification of platelet Classification of platelet disordersdisorders
Associated with thrombosisAssociated with thrombosis
– Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
– Heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
– Trousseau’s syndromeTrousseau’s syndrome
– DICDIC
Hemophilia A and BHemophilia A and BHemophilia A Hemophilia B
Coagulation factor deficiency Factor VIII Factor IX
Inheritance X-linked X-linkedrecessive recessive
Incidence 1/10,000 males 1/60,000 males
Severity Related to factor level<1% - Severe - spontaneous bleeding1-5% - Moderate - bleeding with mild injury5-25% - Mild - bleeding with surgery or trauma
Complications Soft tissue bleeding
Treatment of hemophilia ATreatment of hemophilia A
Intermediate purity plasma productsIntermediate purity plasma products– Virucidally treatedVirucidally treated– May contain von Willebrand factorMay contain von Willebrand factor
High purity (monoclonal) plasma productsHigh purity (monoclonal) plasma products– Virucidally treatedVirucidally treated– No functional von Willebrand factorNo functional von Willebrand factor
Recombinant factor VIIIRecombinant factor VIII– Virus free/No apparent riskVirus free/No apparent risk– No functional von Willebrand factorNo functional von Willebrand factor
Complications of therapyComplications of therapy
Formation of inhibitors (antibodies)Formation of inhibitors (antibodies)– 10-15% of severe hemophilia A patients10-15% of severe hemophilia A patients– 1-2% of severe hemophilia B patients1-2% of severe hemophilia B patients
Viral infectionsViral infections– Hepatitis BHepatitis B Human parvovirusHuman parvovirus– Hepatitis CHepatitis C Hepatitis AHepatitis A– HIVHIV OtherOther
Features of Acute and Chronic ITPFeatures of Acute and Chronic ITP
Features Acute Chronic
Peak age Children (2-6 yrs) Adults (20-40 yrs)
Female:male 1:1 3:1
Antecedent infection Common Rare
Onset of symptoms Abrupt indolent
Platelet count at presentation <20,000 <50,000
Duration 2-6 weeks Long-term
Spontaneous remission Common Uncommon
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