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Europeans Crossing the Atlantic
Massachusetts Bay Colony, Virginia and North American Settlement
Context
• 1492: Columbian Encounter• 1519: Spanish Conquest of Aztecs• 1533: Spanish Conquest of Incans• 1580s: Founding of Roanoke in Current
Virginia (colony did not survive)• 1607: Founding of Virginia (Jamestown)• 1620: Founding of Plymouth Colony
(current Massachusetts)
Context, continued
• 1626: Founding of New Amsterdam (Dutch), later New York, 1664 (English)
• 1630: Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston)
• 1663: Carolina Colony Founded
• 1681: Pennsylvania Founded
Models of Development
• Massachusetts Bay– Family migrations
– Religious consensus
– Village or Town settlement structure
– Community centered governance
– ***NOT DEMOCRATIC***
• Virginia– “Adventurer” migration in
search of riches
– Men predominated in colony
– A volatile mixture of rich and poor men
– Little interest in permanent settlement or civic activity
– ***NOT DEMOCRATIC***
Leaders: John Winthrop and John Smith
Winthrop: Massachusetts Smith: Virginia
John Winthrop (1587-1649)
• Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony for most of its first twenty years.
• “Middle Class” background in England.• Devout Puritan• Goal was to build a "City on a Hill" as a model for
world. • Arrived in the summer of 1630, with eleven
vessels, more than 1,000 passengers.• 20,000 more migrated in next decade.
John Smith (1580-1631)
• Long career as adventurer, writer, and publicist.• Saw military action in France, the Mediterranean,
Hungary• 1602: Captured and sold as a slave to a Turk,
escaped, returned to England, ca 1604• 1607: Landed with colonists in Virginia, became
governor• 1609: Returned to England, never to return to
Virginia• Spent his remaining life promoting the colonies.
Smith’s Map of Virginia
Sudbury, Massachusetts
Watertown, Massachusetts
Mt. Vernon, Virginia
Mt Vernon Slave Cabin: Restored
Population Growth of the 13 Colonies
• 1630: 4,600
• 1650: 50,000
• 1700: 250,000
• 1750: 1,170,000
• 1780: 2,780,000
• 1790: 3,900,000
American Revolution
• Seven Years War (French and Indian Wars): 1756-1763
• Challenge to British Rule: 1763….
• Declaration of Independence: 1776
• War for Independence: 1776-1783
• U.S. Constitution: 1787
• National Government convened: 1789.
American Revolution
• Based on the notions of “liberty”…”freedom” … “equality”…
• ????
Virginia, Massachusetts, South Carolina, 1630-1780
• Virginia: 2,500 to 538,000• Massachusetts: 500 to 268,627• South Carolina: 0 to 180,000
• Percent African American in 1780:– Virginia: 41%– Massachusetts: 1.8%– South Carolina: 54%
Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonial U.S
• Trade flourished from 15th to 19th Centuries.
• 10 million Africans transported to New World
• Proportion of the trade to British North American colonies: ~ 4%.
• Slave trade banned in U.S. in 1808.
• Abolition of Slavery: 1865.
Peculiarities of US Slave System
• Only New World Slave system sustained by “natural increase” rather than continued importation.– 400,000 “imports.”– 4,000,000 slaves freed in 1865
• One of the last slave economies to end– U.S. Civil War – Last nation: Brazil (1888).
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