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Donatello
Father of Renaissance sculpture
Most famous for the bronze statue David the first free-standing nude in Europe since Roman times
Brunelleschi
First major architect of the Italian Renaissance
Designed the church of San Lorenzo
Lorenzo Valla
Wrote On Pleasure
Exposed as a forgery the Donation of Constantine
Known as the “father of modern historical criticism
Machiavelli
Most important political writer during the Renaissance
Wrote The Prince, which rejected the traditional Christian view
A ruler must be willing to be ruthless to be successful – “end justifies the mean”
Pico della Mirandola
Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man
Castiglione
Wrote The Book of the Courtier
A gentlemen should be well-rounded, know several languages, be athletic, and polite
Leonardo da Vinci
First Italian painter to use oil
Painted Mona Lisa and Last Supper
He dealt with mostly religious themes but in secular manner
Michelangelo
Painter and sculpture
Painted the frescoes on the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II
Sculpted Pieta and Moses
1450
Movable Printing Press
Developed by Johannes Gutenberg
Spread ideas of Renaissance and humanistic literature to the rest of Europe
1456 Gutenberg Bible
1453
Charles VII revives France and monarchy
Organized France’s first standing army
By 1453, he had expelled English out of all of France except Calais
Ottomans capture Constantinople
The Medici
Medici Family
Held power in Florence Italy
Height of Florence
1461-1483
Louis XI ruled France
Known as the “Spider King”
Promoted new industry, welcomed foreign craftsmen, increased taxes in order to improve military
The end of the War of the Roses
English Civil War between York house and the Lancaster house
York (white) and Lancaster (Red)
Henry VII become first Tudor monarch – “New monarch”
1485
Portuguese Exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator Established sailing and navigation school at SagresResponsible for the growth of the Portugal colonial empire
Bartholomew Diaz - Portuguese sea captain and explorerIn 1487 became the first European to see Cape of Good Hope and to round southern tip of Africa
Portuguese Exploration
Helped find southeastern water route to Asia
1497-9 Vasco da Gama sailed in India
In 1500 Pedro Cabral sent to India but blown off course
Sighted Brazil and claimed it for Portugal
1492
Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile married and unified Spain Reconquista
Expulsion of Moors and Jews from Spainled to economic decline because no middle class
Christopher Columbus went out looking for new route to India, but instead reached the “New World” or the Americas Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Pope Alexander VI
Corrupt Spanish Pope
Aided militarily by his son, Cesare Borgia
Successfully recovered papal authority in the papal lands
In Florence the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola:
Attacked paganism and moral vice of Florence under Medici rule
Attacked undemocratic government and corruption of Pope Alexander VI
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The new world, or the Americas, was divided by the “line of demarcation” between Spain and Portugal
Decided by Pope Leo VI
Invasion of Italy by King Charles VIII of France
Medici driven from power
French welcomed by Savonarola
John Cabot
Italian navigator
Explored off the coast of New England, Nova Scotia,
and Newfoundland
Gave England claim to North America
1496
1500’s – known as the cinquecentro1500-1527 – High Renaissance1503-1513 – Julius II is pope – Julius II was responsible for much of the artwork accumulated by the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican and elsewhere. He commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel1506 – Julius II begins work on Saint Peter’s Basilica 1509 – Erasmus publishes Praise of Folly – a plea for Christian morality1509 – Henry VIII becomes King of England
1512
1512 – Lateran Council meets to reform the Church; Start of the Reformation
1512- Medici overthrow the Republic in Florence
1513
1513 – Balboa discovers the Pacific
1513 – The Prince written by Machiavelli
1513-1521 – Pope Leo X is pope
1516 – Thomas More publishes Utopia
1516- Concordat of BolognaEstablished royal control over church appointments
1517 – Luther posts 95 theses on Wittenberg Castle
1519-1522 – Charles V commissioned Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the earth
1519 – Leonardo da Vinci dies1519 – Charles V “universal monarch” becomes Holy Roman Emperor1520 – Luther publishes Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation1520- Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X
1521
Edict of Worms declared Luther a hereticHenry VIII writes the Defense of the Seven Sacraments, attacking LutherStart of the Hapsburg – Valois warsDiet of Worms called by Charles V, puts Luther on trial – “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise”
1527
Machiavelli dies Charles V sacks RomeHenry VIII is thus unable to get Pope Clement VII to give him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon – a relative of Charles VEnd of Renaissance in Italy
1528 – Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier1529 – Colloquy of Marburg summoned to unite Protestant opinion – failed
1529 – The Turks besieged Vienna1529- Diet of Speyer – Charles V makes Anabaptism punishable by drowning1530- Augsburg Confessions – doctrinal basis for Lutheranism1531- Formation of the Schmalkaldic Leaguea defensive alliance by the Protestant German princes1531- Battle of Kappel – Zwingli killed1533 – Henry VIII issues the Act in Restraint of Appeals – King sovereign in England; forbade judicial appeals to the papacy
1534
Henry VIII issues Act of Submission of the Clergy – required churchmen to submit to the kingHenry VIII issues Act of Supremacy – king supreme head of the Church of EnglandHenry VIII issues Act of Succession – all subjects must swear oath of loyalty to the kingRabelais published Gargantua and Pantagruel
1535- Thomas More executed1536 – Pilgrimage of Grace – massive multiclass rebellion against Henrican religious policies – brutally suppressed1536- Ten Articles established the doctrine for the Church of England (basically Lutheran)
1536 – Institutes of Christian Religion published by Calvin1540 – Society of Jesus, Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola1541 – John Calvin begins theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland1542 – Roman Inquisition 1542 – Catholic Church publishes Index of Prohibited Books1543 – Copernicus publishes On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres – the year he died to avoid persecution by the Catholic Church
1545-1563 – Council of Trent called by Pope Paul III to suggest reforms of the Catholic Church; End of Reformation
1547 – Miguel de Cervantes born – author of Don Quixote a story that criticized the Spanish government for their negligence
1548 – Ignatius Loyola publishes Spiritual Exercises
1549 – Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer published
1550 – Start of Baroque movement – period of elaborate art, which was present in many Catholic churches and institutions art – Rubens The Horrors of War music - Bach
1550-1700
This period of time was known as the Baroque Movement
Emotional, exuberant art
Emphasized dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts
Developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries—Spain, Latin America, Austria, southern Germany, & Poland
1556After the abdication of Charles V, his son Philip IIPhilip II became King of Spain in 1556
Marriage was only considered a political alliance to him:
Queen Mary I of England
Elisabeth of Valois, the daughter of Henri I of France
Anne, the daughter of emperor Maximilian II
Declared himself the leader of the Counter Reformation
Ignatius Loyola dies
1558 - death of Queen Mary of England
The daughter of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth I took the throne in England, succeeding her half-sister
She was a politique
She was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty
1559
Act of Uniformity in England: required the use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer
Philip II of Spain & Henri II of France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
Henry II killed in joust – Catherine de Medici becomes regent for Francis II
It ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars with Spain as the victor
It ended an era of dynastic wars so both countries could focus on wiping out Protestantism
1560-1660
This period marked the height of the Great European Witch-Hunt
The vast majority of “witches” were married or widowed women between the ages of fifty and seventy years old. They were usually crippled or bent with age, and with pockmarked skin.
3,229 witches were executed in southwestern Germany
1562-1598
The War of Three HenrysWar of Three Henrys was a French civil war for the throne between Henri of Navarre (Huguenot), Henri of Guise (Catholic), and Henri III of Valois (Catholic)
• Henri of Navarre emerged victorious and
became Henry IV of FranceValoisValois
GuiseGuise
NavarrNavarree
Johannes Kepler expanded on the work of his mentor, Tycho BraheThree famous laws of planetary motion:While Copernicus speculated, Kepler proved his ideas mathematically
1571-1630
1564-1642Galileo Galilei challenged old ideas about motionHe consolidated the experimental methodGalileo formulated the law of inertia and provided astrological evidence for the Copernican theoryTried for heresy by the papal Inquisition and forced to recant his views
1572
The wave of Catholic mob violence against the French Huguenots was known as St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
It marked a turning point in the War of Three Henrys
Several dozen Huguenot leaders were murdered in Paris
1579
The Union of Utrecht unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands and formed a Protestant republicFoundation of the republic of the Seven United NetherlandsTheir independence was not formally recognized until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
1584-1613
Following the death of Ivan the Terrible, Russia experienced a period of chaos and struggles known as the “Time of Troubles”
In 1613 the nobles elected Michael Romanov, sixteen-year-old grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible, to be the tsar of Russia – because they thought they could manipulate him
1587
Mary, Queen of Scots was beheaded on charges of plotting against her first cousin, Elizabeth I (“The Babington Plot”)
If Elizabeth were to die childless, the Catholic Mary would have become Queen of England
1588
The Spanish Armada defeated by the EnglishThe Spanish ironically had called the fleet la felícissima armada—”The most fortunate fleet”Prevented Philip II from imposing religious unity on Western Europe by force
1598The Edict of Nantes ended the War of Three HenrysHenry IV of France granted the French Huguenots liberty of conscience and worshipThe Huguenots were granted 150 places of safety, such as La Rochelle Its purpose was primarily to end the long-running French wars of religion & restore peacePrepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by restoring internal unity
1602 - Chartering of Dutch East India Company – reaped enormous wealth and allowed the Netherlands to dominate the European economy in 1650
1603: Death of Elizabeth I and the end of the Tudor dynasty and the start of the Stuarts; end of the northern Renaissance
1605
The Gunpowder Plot - a desperate but failed attempt by a group of unsophisticated English Catholics to kill King James I of England, by blowing up the Houses of Parliament
1611: King James Version of the Bible first published in England
1613: An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be the Tsar of Russia; establishes the Romanov Dynasty
1614
The French Estates General meets for the last time before the beginning of the French Revolution
1618-1648: Thirty Years’ War
Four phases:
Bohemian - Defenestration of Prague starts war in Bohemia; Protestant forces defeated
Danish – height of Catholic forces during the war; Edict of Restitution (1629) – emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 to be restored to Catholic Church
Swedish – Protestants liberate territory lost in previous phase
French – “International Phase” political
1624-1643: Richelieu dominates French government during Louis XIII’s reign.
Reshuffled the royal council, eliminated potential power brokers, crushed aristocratic conspiracies, used intendants
1625: Huguenots revolt in France
1625-1675: Golden Age of Dutch culture
1626: Charles I dissolves Parliament
He came to the throne when Europe was moving towards control by all-powerful monarchs, such as Louis XIV. Charles would attempt to pursue similar policies but would be limited by a powerful parliamentary opposition. widespread opposition to many of Charles' actions:
use of the Court of the Star Chamber to suppress dissenttaxation without the approval of Parliamenta religious policy that was seen by the puritans as an attempt to bring the Anglican Church closer to Roman Catholicism
1628
1628: Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies
limited the power of Charles I of Englandcould not declare martial lawcould not collect taxescould not imprison people without cause soldiers could not be housed without
consent
1640
The English Long Parliament is summoned.
called by Charles I after the Bishop’s Wars. It receives its name from the fact that it sat almost continuously during the English Civil War. The sole reason Charles reassembled Parliament was to ask it to pass finance bills, since the Bishop’s Wars had bankrupted him.
1640-1688: Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Between the Royalists (supporters of Charles I of England) and the Parliamentarian supporters of the Long Parliament. 1648: Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe
1645: Cromwell creates The New Model Army
1649: Charles I executed
1642-49 English Civil War
1648
Start of the Fronde in France
English Parliament finds Charles I guilty of treason, and sentences him to be executed
Oliver Cromwell would soon become Lord Protector of England, a position which made him a virtual dictator
1648-1660: Fronde
The Fronde in France
series of outbreaks during the reign of King Louis XIV, caused by:• the efforts of the Parlement of Paris to limit the
growing authority of the crown• the personal ambitions of discontented nobles• the grievances of the people against the
financial burdens suffered under cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin
1650
William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange in the Netherlands
Netherlands is Protestant
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher & political theoristIn “Leviathan,” he explains that sovereignty is derived from the people, who in turn transfer it to the monarchyHe says the power of the ruler is absolute, but they do not have divine rightAdvocated absolutism - without it, there would be anarchy and chaosParliament passes first Navigation ActGoods imported into England must be on English ships
1651
Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-1675
Enforced by Oliver Cromwell & said that British goods have to be carried on British ships
Goal: to hurt Dutch shippingCaused the rise of British
Mercantilism & crushed the Dutch shipping dynasty
1650-1790 Marked unprecedented growth of Atlantic Trade!
1658 ~ Oliver Cromwell Dies So…
The RestorationCharles II Brought Back to the ThroneParliament Restored & Anglican Church
1670 ~ Charles II Secretly Agrees With to Louis XIV to:- ReCatholicize England - Declare himself Catholic (at the appropriate time)-Ease restrictions on Catholics
The Restoration 1660
1663-1683 ~ Colbert’s Mercantilism in FranceCreated powerful merchant marine under
Louis Xiv & greatly aided the development of manufactured goods
1665 ~ The Plague in GBBrought by fleas on black rats on ships
1666 ~ Great Fire in GBHelped end the plague
1660s
1682-1725 Rule of Peter the Great in RussiaWesternization of Russia & Built St.
Petersburg1685 ~ Edict of Fontainebleau
1685 - Louis XIV Revoked the Edict of Nantes to ensure his complete unity of the state
1686 ~ Fontenelle published Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds
Attempt to make scientific revolution information witty & expose a new audience to it
1687 ~ Newton’s Principia Describes laws of motion & synthesizes
everyone’s work previous to him
1680s Start of Enlightenment
1685
Charles II’s brother James becomes king of England
Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes-ends religious toleration of the Huguenots
Glorious Revolution 1688
James II sympathetic towards CatholicsAll of England Scared of a Catholic King
& possibility of Catholic Heir James Violated Test Act!!! Tories –Parliamentary supporters of the
kingWhigs – Parliamentary opponents of the
kingWilliam of Orange & James’ daughter
Mary invited to take over No blood shed @ all = GLORIOUS!!! James flees to France
1689William and Mary accept the Bill of Rights
Affirms the rights of ParliamentAnglicanism is the established Church of EnglandCatholics prohibited from being on the throne
1690John Locke’s Essays Concerning Human Understanding
Tabula Rasa!!! ~ blank slate…experience and exposure
Second Treatise of Civil Government “Life, liberty & property”
1700-1721
Great Northern War
Charles XII (Sweden)
Peter the Great
Ended by Treaty of Nystad
• Peter gained Baltic states “window to the West”
1701
Tull invents the seed drillTurnipsBrought agricultural revolution to England from the Netherlands
Foundation of St. PetersburgWesternization of Russia by Peter the Great Influenced by Louis XIV’s Versailles
Act of Settlement in EnglandOnly Anglican could succeed to the throne of England After restorationCharles II= king
1701-1713
War of Spanish Succession
Between England, Spain, and France
Fought because of Louis XIV’s relative’s possibility of becoming the new Spanish King
1707
Act of Union
Unified Scotland and England
• English and Scottish Parliaments merged
Became Great Britain
1713
Peace of Utrecht – end of War of Spanish Succession
Ended French expansion policies under Louis XIV • Destroyed French economy• Led to depopulation • Weakened Louis XIV
Britain= biggest winner• Got asiento from Spain• Spain lost most of its possessions
1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession
Prussia, France, Bavaria, and Spain vs. Austria and Russia
Prussia took Silesia from Austria making it the most powerful German State: “great power”
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Ended War of Austrian Succession
1772
1st Partitioning of Poland by Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria, and Frederick of Prussia
Poland lost one-third of territory and half of the population
1780
Death of Maria Theresa
Ascension of Joseph II of Austria
(ish) Arkwright: Steam engine to power looms
1789
Estates General called by Louis XVI
Tennis Court Oath
Declaration of the Right of Man
3rd Estate becomes the National Assembly
Storming of the Bastille
Women march to Versailles to demand action from Louis XVI
1791
Olympe de Gourges: The Rights of Women
Legislative Assembly convenes
Prussia and Austria issue the Declaration of Pillnitz
Death of Mozart
1792
Mary Wollstonecraft: Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Legislative Assembly declares war
Legislative Assembly disbands
National Convention formed
France declared a Republic
1793
2nd Partitioning of Poland
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
Louis XVI beheaded
Mountain ousts the Girondins
Committee of Public Safety formed
Start of the Reign of Terror
1794
Danton and Followers executedMarie Antoinette beheadedThermidorean ReactionEnd of the Reign of TerrorRobespierre executedGirondins readmittedEconomic controls lifted; ended control of sans-culottesInstitution of the Revolutionary Calendar
1799
Coup d’état Brumaire by Napoleon
Formation of the Consulate; Napoleon declared 1st Consul
Combination Acts – the British government prohibit the formation of unions
Napoleon <first consul in 1799>
Concordant (1801): creates reconciliation between the church and government
Louisiana Purchase (1803): allows France to concentrate on its European agenda
Napoleonic Code (1804): system of rules and civil code
Napoleon becomes the self proclaimed emperor of France (1804)
War efforts
1805 - Battle of Trafalgar: Nelson of Britain destroys the French Navy and any chance of a French invasion1805 - Battle of Austerlitz: France defeats invading Russian ArmyCreation the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand Duchy of Warsaw establishes Napoleon’s European PowerAfter failing to wipe out Britain with the continental system Napoleon comes to odds with Spain and touches off the Peninsula War1807 - Treaty of Tilsit: Between Russia and France. Keeps Russia out of European Conflict
End of Napoleon
Grand Army in Russia (1812): French face defeat due to the harsh winter
He is then defeated by a European Coalition and exiled to Elba, but shortly escapes. (Hundred Days)
Waterloo (1815): Napoleon defeated by England and is exiled to St. Helena where he dies
Congress of Vienna
From 1814-1815, major European powers were called together to decide what they should do with post-Napoleon Europe
They decided to strengthen France’s border states in order to create a balance of power
The leading speakers where Metternich (Austria), Talleyrand (France), and Castlereagh (England)
Liberalism
1819: Carlsbad Decree – limited freedom of the press and prohibited fraternities in Germany
England
1807: Britain outlaws slave trade in its colonial trade possesions
1824-1825: Combination Acts repealed in London allowing the formation of unions
1825: First Railway in the world built in Great Britain
1834: Britain outlaws slave ownership in colonial possesions
1837: Queen Victoria comes to power marks the end of the industrial revolution
Ireland
Irish potato famine (1845-1850)Potato crop ruinedMassive starvation, Many people immigrated to England and America
Karl Marx
Marx, who lived in Paris, was influenced by the French Utopian socialists but thought they were unscientificBelieved capitalism was simply a stage of history marked by class strugglesMarx developed the idea of “scientific socialism”The Communist Manifesto (1848): Written by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, introduces socialism attractive to many struggling European countries“He who controls the means of production controls power”
Revolutions of 1848
February Rebellion in France: overthrows the rule of Louis Philippe (1830-1848) and established the Second republic, ended with the creation of a republic where Napoleon the III was elected president
Revolutions of 1848
Germany: influenced by the French, the Germans revolt to create a unified, national government. After indecisiveness to agree on a national constitution by the provisional government, the old regime gains power again
Italy: After their revolt causes the Pope Pius IX to leave Italy, Mazzini is given the power to unify Italy, but could not due to the rigid individuality of city states
Revolutions of 1848
Second Empire in France
1852-1871
Emperor Napoleon III seizes power in December 1851 via coup d’etat
Disastrous Foreign Policy
Liberal reforms to cover foreign policy
Extended power of Legislative Assembly
Ended by Franco-Prussian War
Third French Republic
Adolphe Thiers- created National Assembly
Paris Commune: 1870-71, radical
Chamber of Deputies- Nobles had power
Gambetta- leading radical republican
Ferry- secular education
Boulanger Crises (1887-89)- leader against the republic committed suicide & this weakened support for reforms, good for republicans
Dreyfus Affair: 1894, threat to republic, Emile Zola~ realist author, condemned military
Great Britain
Lord Palmerston- dominant power from 1850-65
Conservative party- from Tory Party
Liberal Party- from Whig Party
Mill- On Liberty (1859)
Reform Bill of 1867- Disraeli’s “leap in the Dark”
Reform Act of 1884- suffrage to adult males in some counties
Fabian Society (1883)- advanced form of revisionist Marxism
Dispute over privileges in Holy Land - Concert of Europe failed Turks negotiate with FranceRussian Czar Nicholas II threatened by negotiationsFighting between Russians and TurksBritain, France, and Piedmont join against RussiaConcluded by Peace of Paris- Russians big losers @ conference
Crimean War 1853-1856
Austria-Hungary
Ausgleich- 1867~ this “compromise” made Austria into the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Karl Luegar- Vienna mayor, anti-Semitism
Magyars- integrated with Hungary
Unification of Italy 1859-1870
Sardinia-Piedmont led way in unification under Count Cavour
Cavour sought unity for Northern Italy
Realpolitik – Pragmatic and Machiavellian view of politics
France agreed to support Sardinia if there was a war with Austria so Sardinia could establish a Northern Italian state
France ignored agreement because didn’t want to go to war with Prussia
Sardinia got Lombardy• 1860- Cavour annexes Parma, Modena,
Romagna, and Tuscany • Nice and Savoy transferred to France
May 1860- Liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with support of his “Red Shirts”
September 1860- took control of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Allowed these territories to be annexed by Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia Piedmont
1866- Venice included in Italian Kingdom due to agreement with Otto Van Bismarck
1871- Rome captured by Italian Troops
Rome made capital of Italy
Italian completes political unification
Cultural gap between progressive, industrial North and Agrarian South
Otto Von Bismarck
Bismarck-Imperial Chancellor – “Iron Chancellor” – dominated 1850-1900A member of the Prussian Junker aristocracyIn 1862 he claimed that Prussia must use “Blood and Iron”
Schleswig-Holstein 1863
Schleswig and Holstein were located south of Denmark The people were most German speaking, but ruled by the Danish kingThe Danish king annexed SchleswigBismarck proposed an alliance with AustriaDenmark quickly defeated in 1864Prussia would occupy SchleswigAustria would occupy Holstein
Austro-Prussian War 1866
Bismarck made sure Russia, France, and Italy would remain neutral if there was a conflict with AustriaFrance agreed because they expected a long war and Austrian victoryItaly would gain possessions from AustriaRussia had gained the support of Bismarck in the suppression of the Russian peasants in 1863Prussia accused Austria of interfering in the affairs of SchleswigIn the Seven Weeks War the Prussians soundly defeated the Austrians
Bismarck wanted to be lenient towards Austria because he knew he would need their help against France1866: Treaty of Praguea) Prussia get possession of Schleswig and Holsteinb) also gets some northern German statesc) Austria agreed to dissolution of the German Confederationd) Italy gained VenetiaNorth German Confederation (1867) now dominated by PrussiaIn the south there were 4 independent statesPrussia wanted the Catholic and liberal independent states
Ems Dispatch -Bismarck manipulated Napoleon III to declare war on Prussia
French surrendered after the Battle of Sedan
1871: Treaty of Frankfurt – Alsace-Lorraine to Germany(led to French resentment)
January 18, 1871- German Unification complete
William I- Crowned Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) at Versailles
Franco-Prussian War 1870
Designed by Bismarck to create stability
William I of GermanyEmperor Francis Joseph of AustriaTsar Alexander II of Russia
The Three Emperor’s League 1872
Third French Republic
Established in 1875 after downfall of Napoleon III
Dominated by bourgeoisie
Chamber of Deputies
Universal Male Suffrage
Leon Gambetta- led Republicans
Jules Ferry- secular education
Government fell multiple times
Russia
Emancipation Act of 1861- Mirs & Zemstvos—abolished serfdom
Intelligensia- nihilism- radical intellectuals of the socialist pool
Alexander III: Pogroms- anti-Semitism, “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, & Russification”
Herzel- Zionism- Jewish Holy Land
Emancipation Act 1861
Alexander II – very liberal
90% of Russians lived off the land
Serfs freed, but many not impacted because of mirs, Russian communities
Suez Canal
In the 1800s Egypt was an autonomous part of the Ottoman empire
The French built the Suez Canal in 1869 to open the Mediterranean Sea to Indian Ocean
Huge British Advantage
Financial problems soon caused the Egyptians to sell part ownership to the British
When riots broke out against the British the British navy bombarded Alexandria
In 1882 Egypt became a British protectorate
Russo-Turkish War 1877-78Russia dreamed of controlling the Bosporus
Russia supported Pan-Slavism, but under Russian control
The Slavs in the Turkish empire used Russian support to cause problems for the Turks
In 1877 Russia declared war on Turkey
The British became involved to protect the Suez canal which was in Egypt (part of the Ottoman Empire)
In 1878 Turkey was forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano
Congress of Berlin 1878War between Britain and Russia looked inevitable
Bismarck called for a Congress to meet in Berlin
The Congress kept peace in Europe by carving up the Turkish Empire
The Russians gave up the Treaty of San Stefano, but still won independence for the Serbs and Romanians
Austria-Hungary was authorized to “occupy and administer” Bosnia
Germany gained nothing, except European peace
Bismarck was called the “honest broker”
However Balkan nationalists were dissatisfied and this would be a cause of World War I in 1914
Conference of Berlin 1875
Called by Bismarck to establish “rules” for dividing Africa
Germany: Cameroon, Togo, southwest Africa, & East Africa
France: Tunisia, Algeria, French West Africa
Britain: Egypt and Sudan
Italy: Libya
Fashoda Crisis- Occurred when British and French armies met unexpectedly in Fashoda, Sudan
India
India controlled by British “jewel of the Empire”
Sepoy Mutiny 1857-1858
Insurrection of Hindu & Muslim soldiers – defeated
Indian National Congress 1885
China
Sino-Japanese War
China defeated by Japan
Rush for protectorates and concessions
Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan
China
1842: Opium War – British annex Hong Kong
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) showed how weak China was and opened door for imperial nations
Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia all gained territory and control in east China
Led to Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and end of Manchu Dynasty
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment
Put down
Led to end of Manchu Dynasty
Boer War 1899-1902
Cecil Rhodes- Prime Minister of Cape ColonyDiscovery of diamonds and gold in TransvaalArea controlled by Boers (Dutch settlers)Kruger Telegram- Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulates Boers on victory over British
Imperialist Literature
Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden - Stated it was Westerners’ duty to civilize backwards peoples of Africa
1902: Joseph Conrad writes Heart of Darkness
1902: J.A. Hobson Imperialism: A Study – financiers were the power behind imperialism
1916: Lenin, Imperialism: The Last Stage of Capitalism – capitalism must expand to survive
Nationalism
Loyalty felt to government
Universal Male Suffrage common
Welfare States in Germany, Britain, and France
Conservatives often led governments
Conservatives channeled patriotism into anti-liberalism
Build up of militaries
The Balkans
The “Eastern Question” who would control the Balkans?
Russia wanted to retake and re-christianize the Balkans
Gave rise to pan-slavism
Defeated Ottoman Turks
Negotiations mediated by Bismarck the “honest broker”
Congress of Berlin 1871- Russia left
1904: Entente Cordiale—An agreement against Germany by France and Great Britain. Great Britain gains Egypt and France gains Morocco
Start of the Russo Japanese War– This imperialist war solidifies Japan as a world power
Japan attacked Russian installation at Port Arthur
Technology-advanced Japan defeated traditional Russia
First time a major European power has been beaten and the first major war since 1870
Weakens the myth of Russian power
Cause of the Russian Revolution as Russia shifted attention back to Europe, especially the Balkans
Russo-Japanese War 1904
Defeat by Japanese discredits Russia government
March Revolution of 1905
Bloody Sunday – troops open fire on demonstrators led by Father Gapon
Turns people against tsar in Russia
1905: October Manifesto, Nicholas II promiseda) constitutional reformsb) guarantees civil libertiesc) establish a Duma (elected parliament)
1906: Fundamental Laws – The tsar limits the power of the Duma
Russian Revolution 1905
1905: Einstein develops Theory of Relativity
1907: Anglo Russian Treaty—A naval treaty to ensure the protection of Persia
Military competition between England and Germany
Britain develops the Dreadnought
Moroccan Crisis
1914: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand—This event sparks the “powder keg”
1914: World War I begins
1915: Lusitania Sunk by German U-boats.
1916: Battle of Verdun—France defeats Germany
1916: Easter Rising—An attempt to overtake Dublin and end British rule in Ireland
1917: Zimmerman Telegram—Note sent by German ambassador promising Mexico part of United States, and also used by USA as propaganda for war
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia—This ends the rule of the tsars
Caused by military incompetence and hunger
1918: Treaty of Brest Litovsk—Russia drops out of WWI.
Bolshevik Revolution 1917
Germany loses Alsace and Lorraine, and Poland becomes an independent country
Treaty of Versailles 1919
1922: End of Bolshevik Revolution and start of U.S.S.R. led by Lenin
1924: Dawes Plan—American Charles Dawes establishes system for Germany to pay reparations
1924: Stalin takes power after Lenin dies
1925: Locarno Pact—Agreements that secure post war territorial disputes
1926: English General Strike—Strike by trade unions in England
1928: The Five Year Plans—Industrial and agricultural plans in the U.S.S.R. establishing socialist policies
1929: Great Depression in USA hurts world economies
1933: Reichstag Fire—German Parliament burns down
1933: Rise of Nazi Party in Germany
1935: Nuremburg Laws—Lead to persecution of Jews in Germany
1936: Start of Spanish Civil War
1936: Rome-Berlin Axis—Pact between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
Adolph Hitler
1938: Munich Conference: Neville Chamberlain of England appeases Germany and agrees to let Hitler invade Sudetenland
“Peace in our time”
1939: End of Spanish Civil War
1939: Start of World War II in Europe to halt Nazi expansionism
Causes:a) failure of appeasementb) incomplete enforcement of Versaillesc) fear of Communismd) rising unemployment in Germanye) domestic problems caused by the Great Depression
1939: Russo German Nonaggression Pact—Germany promises not to invade Russia
World War II
1941: Lend-Lease begins—Allows for supplies to be sent to Allied forces from Americas
1941: Atlantic Charter—Document calls for no secret agreements, self determination, and free elections
1942-43: Battle of Stalingrad—Battle proves to be turning point for the Eastern Front as the Red Army begins to push the Germans back out of Russia
1944: D-Day—Allied Forces Invade German Occupied France and becomes largest naval invasion in history
Yalta Conference—The Big Three decide that Berlin and Germany is to be divided into 4 separate military zones
Hitler commits suicide
Franklin D. Roosevelt dies
End of World War II
Potsdam Conference—Stalin opposes free elections in Eastern Europe. The United Nations is established
United Nations chartered
1945
1946: Churchill delivers “iron curtain” speech at Fulton, Missouri1947: Truman Doctrine helps fight Communism in Greece and Turkey1947: Marshall Plan—Advocates American financial aid to help European restoration1947: Great Britain grants India independence1948: Communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia1948: Britain, France, and the Benelux countries sign the Brussels Pact
The Cold War
1948: Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift—Soviets blockade Western Berlin so airlifts carry supplies to city1949 Soviets lift Berlin blockade1949: NATO created1951: Schuman Plan integrates French and West German coal and steel industries and forms the European Coal and Steel Community 1953: Stalin died – replaced by Nikita Khrushchev who advocated “peaceful coexistence”1955: Warsaw pact created by Soviets to balance NATO1955-1962: “De-Stalinization”
The Cold War
1956: Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago
1956: Soviets suppress Hungarian revolution
1957: Russian Satellite Sputnik - in orbit1957: Treaty of Rome creates the European Economic Community (Common Market)
1960s: Space Race
1960: U-2 incident causes collapse of Paris Summit
1961: Soviets construct the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from leaving
1961: the Russian cosmonaut first to orbit the globe
1962: Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitcvh
1962 Cuban missile crisis
1963: Freidan, The Feminine Mystique
1968: Students protest the policies of the De Gaulle government in France
Soviet tanks end Prague Spring
1969: America puts first man on the moon
1971: collapse of postwar monetary system
1973-1979: OPEC oil prices increase
1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan – ends détente between the superpowers
1979: Election of Pope John Paul II from Poland
1980s: Growth of debt
Reduced Spending on Big Science
Computer revolution through 1990s
1980: Lech Walesa leads Solidarity in Poland
1985: Gorbachev take power
Revival of religion in Soviet Union
1988: Economic crisis in Poland
1989: Unification of Germany
1989-1990; Revolutions in Eastern Europe
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