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Euro NCAP 28 june 2005
Whiplash injury epidemiology and effectiveness of whiplash prevention
systems.
Maria Krafft
Folksam Sweden
• Correlation crash severity and duration whiplash symptoms
• Crash test with car seats
• The effectiveness of whiplash prevention systems based on real life collisions
Rear impacts
Real-life crashes with ”black boxes”
• Car models– Corolla 93-97 + 98-01 + 02->– Yaris– Avensis
• No previous whiplash injury
• No multiple collisions
Example
Delta-V 26 km/h Mean acc 5.6 gPeak acc 12.6 gWhiplash symptoms > 6 mWAD grade 3
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 50 100 150
Acc (g)
DV (km/h)
Time (ms)
Numbers of drivers and front seat passengers with different duration
of symptoms
Driver FSP Total
All 150 57 207
Uninjured 98 34 132
Symptoms < 1m 34 17 51
1m<symptoms<6m 7** 0 7
Symptoms > 6m 11* 6* 17* One lumbar spine injury** Two thoracic spine injuries
Change of velocity
0
20
40
60
80
100
0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
No neck injurySymptoms < 1 m1m<symptoms<6mSymptoms > 6 m
Change of velocity (km/h)
Mean acceleration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10
No neck injurySymptoms < 1 m1m<symptoms<6mSymptoms > 6 m
Mean acceleration (g)
Injury risk in intervals of change of velocity for occupants with initial and long-term
symptoms
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Initial symptomsSymptoms > 1 mSymptoms > 6 m
Ris
k
Change of velocity (km/h)
Injury risk in intervals of mean acceleration for occupants with initial and long-term
symptoms
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Initial symptomsSymptoms > 1 mSymptoms > 6 m
Ris
k
Mean acceleration (g)
Assessment of whiplash injury risk
• Sled test of car seats
• 3 crash severities/seat
• 3 dummy readings
(NIC, Nkm and rebound)
Results 20035,1 - 10,0 points
Audi A4Yellow ( 5,5 points )
Peugeot 307Yellow ( 8,4 points )
Renault MeganeYellow ( 9,9 points )
Skoda FabiaYellow ( 7,5 points )
Toyota Corolla Model year 1993Yellow (6,8 points)With after market whiplash system
10,1 - 15,0 points
BMW 3-serie Red ( 11,3 points )
Mercedes C-classRed ( 10,6 points )
Opel Astra (Standard)Red ( 12,1 points )
VW PoloRed ( 11,1 points )
Toyota Corolla Model year 1993Red (10,7 points)No whiplash protection system
0 - 5,0 points
Ford MondeoGreen ( 2,6 points )
Opel Astra (Optional)Green ( 4,7 points )
Saab 9-3Green+ ( 0,9 points )
Toyota CorollaGreen ( 3,0 points )
Volvo V70Green+ ( 0,0 points )
Best Pick
Best Pick
Results 20040 - 5,0 Points
Ford C-maxGreen+ ( 2,2 )
Volvo S40Green+ ( 1,1 )
Nissan PrimeraGreen ( 3,1 )
SAAB 9-5Green ( 4,2 )
5,1 - 10,0 PointsAudi A3 - Model year 2005Yellow ( 8,5 )
Citroen C3Yellow ( 9,0 )
Ford FocusYellow ( 7,9 )
Mitsubishi Space StarYellow ( 9,4 )
Opel Meriva (Extra equipment)Yellow ( 7,2 )
Seat IbizaYellow ( 9,4 )
Toyota AvensisYellow ( 7,3 )
VW TouranYellow ( 9,1 )
10,1 - 15,0 PointsAudi A3 - Model year 2004Red ( 13,5 )
Opel Meriva (Standard equipment)Red ( 13,4 )
Best Pick
Best Pick
Results 20055,1 - 10,0 Poäng
Audi A6Gul ( 5,4 )
BMW 1-serieGul ( 9,3 )
Citroen C4Gul ( 8,7 )
Renault ModusGul ( 5,7)
Seat AlteaGul ( 6,7 )
Skoda OctaviaGul ( 5,6 )
Toyota Corolla VersoGul ( 7,4 )
Toyota PriusGul ( 6,8 )
0 - 5,0 PoängIngen grön bil i denna testserie
10,1 - 15,0 PoängMercedes A-klassRöd (12,8)
WhiplashMedical permanent disability 1999-04
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
No whiplash prot. Cars with effective whiplash protection
Pro
port
ion
of d
isab
ilit
ies
(%)
168/ 3005
7/ 289
Effect of Volvo and Saab whiplash protection systems (WHIPS and SAHR)
Cars without whiplash protection systems (15 892 crashes)
Cars with whiplash protection systems(1813 crashes)
Saab 9000 Saab 9-5
Saab 900 93-97 Saab 9-3
Volvo S40/V40 96-99 Volvo S40/V40 00-
Volvo 850 Volvo S80
Volvo V70/S70 98-00
Average injury reducing effect of whiplash systems in Volvo and
Saab cars (Whips and SAHR)
40% (+/- 21%) lower risk for whiplash injury with symptoms for more than 6 months
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