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Mycology
Eukaryotic organism
Posses at least one nucleus nuclear
membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,and mitochondria
Lacks the property of photosynthesis
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two basic morphological forms
Yeasts are unicellular fungi which reproduce asexually
by blastoconidia formation (budding) or fission
Hyphae multi-cellular fungi which reproduce asexually and/or
sexually
**Dimorphism is the condition where by afungus can exhibit either the yeast form or the
hyphal form, depending on growth conditions
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Morphology
Thallus- vegetative portion of a fungus
Hypha- filamentous or thread like of a
thallus Non septate- without partition
Septate- with partition
Pectinate- with comblike lateral projection
Spiral- with terminal cells
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Mycelium- mass of countless hyphaesynonymous to mold
Spores ( conidia )- reproduction Asexual spore- resistant to adverse
growth condition Thallospores- derived from the cells of the
thallus or body of the fungus
Blastophores- buds from yeast Chlamydospores arthrospores
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Conidia- macroconidia, microconidia
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Asexual spore Ascospores- results from asexual
production involving saclike structure
called ascus Basidiospores- spores produces from the
surface of a special structure calledbasidium
Oospores- formed when two asexuallyformed spores unite
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Fungal metabolism
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All fungi are free living they are not obligate intracellular
parasites do not contain chlorophyll and cannot
synthesize macromolecules fromcarbon dioxide and energy derived
from light rays. Therefore all fungi are heterotrophs,
living on preformed organic matter
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important aspects of fungalmetabolism are:
The synthesis of chitin, a polymer ofN-acetyl glucosamine, and othercompounds, for use in forming thecell wall. These induce immunehypersensitivity .
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The synthesis of ergosterol forincorporation into the plasmamembrane. This makes the plasmamembrane sensitive to thoseantimicrobial agents which eitherblock the synthesis of ergosterol or
prevent its incorporation into themembrane or bind to it,
e.g. amphotericin B.
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The synthesis of proteins onribosomes that are different fromthose found in bacteria. This makesthe fungi immune to thoseantimicrobial agents that are directedagainst the bacterial ribosome, e.g.,
chloramphenicol.
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The ability of certain metabolites toalter morphology of yeast and/or beassimilated by yeast with concomitantclinical identification affects.
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Synthesis of toxin
Ergot alkaloids- these are producedby Claviceps purpurea and cause analpha adrenergic blockade
Psychotropic agents - these includepsilocybin, psilocin and lysergic aciddiethylamide (LSD)
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Aflatoxins - these are carcinogensproduced byAspergillus flavus whengrowing on grain. When these grainsare eaten by humans or when theyare fed to dairy cattle and they getinto the milk supply, they affect
humans.
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Clinical Techniques inMycology
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A. Visualization of fungi in tissuepreparations
Treatment with 10% potassiumhydroxide
Positive stain with a. Lactophenol cotton blue
b. Grocott silver stain
c. Hematoxylin
d. Eosin
3. Negative stain with India ink
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Fluorescence of fungi underultraviolet light
Culture of fungi on 1. Sabouraud's agar (favors fungalgrowth because of low pH)
2. Mycosel agar (selective for pathogenic
fungi because of chloramphenicol andcycloheximide in medium)
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Visualization of cultured fungi (25oC and37oC) Colonial morphology Cellular morphology
Identification of yeast by Biochemical tests Behavior in broth and serum (germ tube
formation) Behavior on cornmeal agar (pseudohyphae
formation)
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Mycoses
Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous Systemic or deep mycoses
Mycoses due to opportunistic fungi
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Superficial Mycoses
Tinea versicolor- caused by Malasseziafurfur AKA pitysporum orbiculare
Tinea nigra- caused by exophiala werneckii,
cause dark pigmented patches on the skin Tinea nodosa (black piedra)- caused by
piedraia hortae which characteristically formhard nodules along parasitized hair
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White piedra- caused by trichosporonbeiglelii, development of soft ovalnodules adhering to the hair
Disease Etiological Agent Symptoms Identification of organism
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Pityriasis versicolor Malassezia furfur hypopigmented macules "spaghetti and meatballs" appearanceof organism in skin scrapings
Tinea nigra Exophiala werneckii black macules black, 2-celled oval yeast in skinscrapings
Black piedra Piedraia hortai black nodule on hair shaft black nodule on hair shaft composed ofspore sacs and spores
White piedra Trichosporum beigelii creme-colored nodules on hair shaft white nodule on hair shaft composed ofmycelia that fragment into arthrospores
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Tinea versicolor
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Tinea nigra
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Black piedra
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Cutaneous mycosis
infections that extend deeper into theepidermis, as well as invasive hair andnail diseases.
These diseases are restricted to thekeratinized layers of the skin, hair andnails
The agents causing these diseases aretermed dermatophytes. The diseasesare referred to as ringworm or tinea.
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Tinea capitis, tinea favosa- microsporum andtricophyton.
Tinea barbae
Tinea corporis- face and trunk Tinea cruris- affecting groin
Tinea axilliaris
Tinea pedis
Tinea manuum Tinea unguim
Disease Etiological Agent Symptoms Indentification of organism
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Tinea capitis Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp.
ringworm lesion of scalp Presence/absence and shape of micro-and macroconidia in scrapings fromlesion
Tinea corporis Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp
ringworm lesion of trunk, arms, legs Presence/absence and shape of micro-and macroconidia in scrapings from
lesion
Tinea manus Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp
ringworm lesion of hand Presence/absence and shape of micro-and macroconidia in scrapings fromlesion
Tinea cruris "jock itch" Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.
Epidermophyton sp
ringworm lesion of groin Presence/absence and shape of micro-
and macroconidia in scrapings fromlesion
Tinea pedis"athlete's foot" Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp
ringworm lesion of foot Presence/absence and shape of micro-and macroconidia in scrapings fromlesion
Tinea unguium Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp infection of nails Presence/absence and shape of micro-and macroconidia in scrapings fromlesion
Ectothrix Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.Epidermophyton sp
infection of hair shaft surface Mycelium and spores on hair shaft
Endothrix Microsporum sp. Trichophyton sp.
Epidermophyton sp
infection of hair shaft interior Mycelium and spores in hair shaft
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Tinea fovosa
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Tinea barbae
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Tinea corporis
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Tinea cruris
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Tinea cruris 2
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Tinea pedis
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Subcutanoues mycoses
infections involving the dermis,subcutaneous tissues, muscle andfascia
These infections initially involve thedeeper layers of the dermis,subcutaneous tissue or bone
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Sporotrichosis- sphorothrix schenkii, starts withthe subcutaneous nodule followed by the chainof draining ulcers
Chromoblastomycosis- granulomatousverrucose ulcerative infection, painless unlesscomplicated by bacteria Phialophora verrucosa
Cladosporium carrionii
Fonsecaea pedrosi
Fonsecaea compactum
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Mycetoma Pseudallescheria boydii
Madurella grisea
Madurella mycetomatis
Draining sinus tracts at site of inoculation
White, brown, yellow or black granules in
exudate that are fungal colonies
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keratomycosis
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sporotrichosis
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Systemic mycoses
infections that originate primarily inthe lung and may spread to manyorgan systems.
Unlike most other fungi, the fivesystemic mycotic agents areinherently virulent. Each species has
biochemical and structural
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Systemic mycosis
Coccidiodes immitis- coccidiomycosis Histoplasma capsulatum- agent of
histoplasmosis which involves the lungs,
spleen, lymph glands, kidneys and brain- KOH is not useful in the diagnosis butbuffy coat, bone marrow and lymphnodes biopsy or mucosal scrappings
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Cryptococcus neoformans- subacute orchronic infection that involves the CNS
Blastomyces dermatidis- chronic
granulomatous and suppurative conditionthat involves the lungs and the pleuraethat simulates tuberculosis
Candida albicans- infection that involvesnails, vulvo-vagina, CNS, pericardium,lungs
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Nocardia asteroides- chronicgranulomatous condition of the lungsand the CNS
Aspergillus- associated with prolongsantibiotic therapy
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histoplasmosis
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cryptococcosis
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cryptococcosis
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candidiasis
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aspegillus
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Opportunistic mycosis
infections in patients with immune deficiencies whowould otherwise not be infected
Opportunistic mycoses are seen in those people withimpaired host defenses such as occurs in
AIDS Alteration of normal flora Diabetes mellitus Immunosuppressive therapy
Malignancy
Disease Etiological Agent Symptoms Identification of organism
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Candidiases Candida albicans Creamy growth on various areas ofbody
Budding yeast, septate hyphae,pseudohyphae in tissue. Germtubeformation in serum
spergillosis Aspergillus fumigatus "Fungus ball" in tissue Morphology of asexual fruiting structure
Zygomycosis Rhizopus sp.Absidia sp. Mucorsp. Various Morphology of asexual fruiting structureand mycelium
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