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EOH3202 Occupational Health. Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin 14 April 2013 PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 1 st S emester Mid S em Meeting. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS. PSYCHOLOGICAL Stress, boredom, burnout. CHEMICAL AGENTS dusts, gases, vapors, fumes, mists, etc. PHYSICAL AGENTS - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Emilia Zainal Abidin
EOH3202 Occupational Health
Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin14 April 2013
PJJ Bac Sc. Human Resource Dev 1st Semester Mid Sem Meeting
Emilia Zainal Abidin
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
PHYSICAL AGENTSnoise, vibration, radiation,defective illumination,temperature extremes
CHEMICAL AGENTSdusts, gases, vapors,fumes, mists, etc.
LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLESexhaustive physical exertions, excessive standing, improper motions, lifting heavy load, job monotony, etc.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTSviruses, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects, etc.
PSYCHOLOGICALStress, boredom, burnout
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Your Recent Mid-Semester Examination Chapter 1 to 11 from module 2 hours examination 50 objectives 5 out of 8 short answer questions How well did you do? Jom kita tengok!!! Comments or feedback to improve the type of
questions a._____________________________________________ b._____________________________________________ c._____________________________________________
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Our Coming Final Exam in December Chapter 12 to 22 X hours? XX objectives? XX short answer questions? Any requests?
Questions on Individual Assignment 1?
Emilia Zainal Abidin
1. Describe the 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia.2. Compare and describe the differences between the Occupational Safety and Health
Act 1994 and the Factory and Machinery Act 1967.3. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000
requires workers being exposed to solvents to undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False
4. What are the main functions of Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia?
5. Please explain particle size fractions of dust. 6. Please explain the aerodynamic behavior of particles in airstream and particle
deposition in human lung system.7. Explain the noise regulation being used in Malaysia.8. Please describe the steps to control dust exposure in a construction site. 9. Please explain the roles of professionals in the field of occupational health.10. Define the term ergonomic hazard.11. List four acts that are enforced by the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia.12. Define radiation. Discuss two types of radiation by giving appropriate examples.13. Alpha radiation cannot travel far through air. How far does it go? What material will
absorb alpha radiation? State two safety precautions for handling radioactive sources.
14. Discuss how Malaysian workers are compensated for occupational injuries. 15. Explain 3 major incidents which occurred globally and in Malaysia that lead to the
establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Questions on Individual Assignment 2?1. Identify the impact of sickness absence to the employee and employer. 2. Explain the mechanism by which organophosphate poisoning occurs. Include 2
diagrams to describe normal muscle function and muscle function with neurotoxic agent.
3. Give the steps in control and management of pesticide exposure in a paddy farming agricultural setting.
4. Pesticides are categorised into different groups. Explain the classification of pesticides.
5. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000 requires workers being exposed to pesticides to undergo medical surveillance at regular intervals. True/False
6. Using the hierarchy of control concept, explain how a safety and health manager could manage psychosocial hazard related at the workplace.
7. Give examples of personal protective equipment suitable to protect workers from exposure to chemicals in a chemical manufacturing factory.
8. Why personal protective equipment is considered as a “last resort” for use in the hierarchy of control to protect workers from hazardous substances?
9. List the effects of chronic pesticide poisoning. Describe briefly each type of effect. 10. Define occupational stress and list common occupational stressors. List the diseases
associated with occupational stress and as a manager of human resource, please describe the management of occupational stress.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Cont.11. Describe the group of workers at risk for biological hazard exposure.
Elaborate on the classification of infective microorganism by risk group. 12. Describe 2 models to explain the cause of occupational stress.13. Define and describe Material Safety Data Sheet or Chemical Safety Data
Sheet. 14. Describe the different work compensation scheme available in Malaysia
for private employees, civil servants and foreign workers. 15. Define biological monitoring. Describe the role of biological monitoring
and describe how biological monitoring is done.16. Please define what sexual harassment is and please describe the
different forms of sexual harassment that might occur at the workplace.17. What are the potential hazards of working underwater?18. What should be included in Medical Emergency Response Plan? What are
the elements of Emergency Response Plan?19. What is the required number of first aider in a workplace? What is the
content of a First Aid Box?20. What is the definition of risk communication and what are the 3 goals of
risk communication?
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 12: Chemical hazards – Pesticides Based on chapter in module
Classification of pesticides – use?, toxicity, chemical prop.,
Occupational exposures of pesticides Toxic effects from exposure Neurotoxic effect – acetyl cholinesterase
function diagram ?? How to control and manage pesticide use in the
workplace
10
Handling pesticide with bare hands
Wear short pants and short sleeves without proper PPE
Agricultural workers Farmers
11
No boots and poor work practices
Apply most of the protection but without proper mask
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Exposure to: organophosphates - malathion, parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, sarin
May result in: build-up of acetylcholine cholinesterase inhibition constant firing of electrical messages potential symptoms of: DUMBELSS-Diarrhoea -Urination-Miosis/Muscle weekness-Excitation of skeleton muscles of CNS-Lacrimation-Sweating-Salivation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 13: Bio hazard management Based on lecture notes
What is biohazard? - A substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to (primarily) human health.
Divided into: Body fluids pathogen – Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites Animal – insects, birds Recombinant DNA – genetic engineering, cloning Nano-technology
Classification of infective microorganism by risk group?
References are made to the relative hazards of infective microorganisms by WHO Risk Groups 1, 2, 3 & 4.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 14: Occupational Psychosocial
Hazards Based on chapter in module and lecture
Scope of occupational psychosocial hazards Work-related stress Workplace violence Bullying All types of harassment Work-life imbalance
Type of psychosocial hazards Questionnaires
Psychosocial hazards
Examples from Leka et al. 2003
Job content Lack of variety or short work cycles, fragmented or meaningless work, under use of skills, high uncertainty, continuous exp to people through work
Workload and work pace
Work overload or underload, machine pacing, high level of time pressure, continually subject to deadlines
Work schedule Shift work, night shifts, inflexible work schedules, unpredictable hours and long or unsociable hours
Control Low participation in decision making, lack of control over workload
Environment and equipment
Inadequate equipment, poor environmental conditions such as lack of space, poor lighting, noise
Organisational culture and function
Poor communication, low level of support for problem solving and personal development, lack of definition of organisational objectives
Interpersonal relationship at work
Social or physical isolation, poor relationships with superiors, interpersonal conflict, lack of support, bullying and harassment
Role in organisation
Role ambiguity, role conflict and responsibility of people
Career development
Career stagnation and uncertainty, under promotion or over promotion, poor pay, job insecurity, low social value to work
Home-work interface
Conflicting demands of work and home, low support at home, dual career problems
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Work environment
Conceptual Frame Work of Stress
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECT
1. Physiological 2. Psychological
3. Behavioral
OUTCOMES OF STRESS
OCCUPATIONAL STRESSORS
FAMILY & SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC
STRESSORS
SUPPORT
PERCEIVED STRESS
MODYFYINGVARIABLES
Work load
Time and System Management
Work environment
Organizational relationship
FinancialFamily Conflict
Health status
Home environment
Coping mechanism
Personality
Knowledge Skill Social Interaction
Training
Emotional support
Emilia Zainal Abidin
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What to focus on? Chapter 15: Prevention and Control principles Based on module
Roles of occupational hygienists Prevention and control according to the
hierarchy of control
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 16: Workers’ compensation Based on the module and half of lecture Work compensation scheme in Malaysia
Private – SOCSO Civil servants – Ex Gratia Scheme Foreign workers – Insurance Self-employed – None
SKIM INSURANS BENCANA PEKERJAANBencana pada seseorang
pekerja sendiri disebabkan oleh
kemalangan atau suatu penyakit khidmat terbit daripada dan dalam
masa menjalankan pekerjaan dalam sesuatu
perusahaan.
SKIM PENCEN ILAT
Skim ini memberi perlindungan 24 jam kepada pekerja terhadap keilatan atau kematian akibat sebarang sebab yang tidak berkaitan dengan pekerjaan.
SKIM FAEDAH PERKESO
SKIM PERKESO
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Faedah yang disediakan SKIM INSURANS BENCANA PEKERJAAN Faedah Perubatan Faedah Hilangupaya Sementara Faedah Hilangupaya Kekal Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Faedah Orang Tanggungan Faedah Pengurusan Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan SKIM PENCEN ILAT Pencen Ilat Bantuan Ilat Elaun Layanan Sentiasa Pencen Penakat Faedah Pengurusan Mayat Faedah Pemulihan Faedah Pendidikan
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 17: Biological monitoring Based on the module
What is biological monitoring Biological monitoring is the measurement of a
substance or its metabolite in biological material in order to provide a quantitative estimate of its uptake into the body by all routes of exposures
What are the objectives of biological monitoring? To ensure that current or past exposure of worker is
not harmful to his/her health by detecting potential excessive exposure before overt adverse health effects occur
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Exposure
Internal dose
Adverseeffects
Ambient monitoring
Biological monitoring Biological effect monitoring
*Adapted from Cassarett & Doull’s Toxicology 5th Edition, ed. Klassen CD pp995. McGraw Hill, 1995
Exposure, absorption and effects*
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 18: Stress and Violence and the workplace Based on the module and lecture
Definition Scope and characteristics Any action, incident or behaviour that departs from
reasonable conduct in which a person is assaulted, threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a direct result 1 of, his or her work. Internal workplace violence
is that which takes place between workers, including managers and supervisors.
External workplace violence is that which takes place between workers (and managers and
supervisors) and any other person present at the workplace.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 19: Cause and effect of sick leave Based on the module and lecture
What is sick leave? The benefit of sick leave
Human right Protect the worker Cost of losing an employee is greater than the cost
of providing sick days to retain existing employees
Emilia Zainal AbidinSources: WHO (2010). WHO Healthy Workplace Framework and Model: Background and Supporting Literature and Practices.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Example: Tools for tackling short term absence• Rigorous notification procedure• Return to work interviews• Should all short term absences be counted?• Medical evidence?• Withholding sick pay• Employee health initiatives
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Example: Tools for tackling long term absence• Keep in touch• Early intervention 4-6 weeks• Consider temporary adjustments• Be proactive in asking for medical advice
• Preferably Occupational Health Practitioner
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 20: Water and Air Decompression Based on the module and lecture
Gas laws – Boyle and Henry Hyperbaric work environment The effects of hyperbaric work environments Decompression sickness and other symptoms
Boyle’s Law The mechanical responses to changes in
pressure are in accordance with Boyle's Law, which states that a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure to which it is subjected, temperature remaining constant.
Henry’s Law The amount of gas in solution is proportional
to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution
As the pressure of the gas above a solution increases, the amount of that gas dissolved in the solution increases
Reverse is also true, as the pressure of the gas above a solution decreases, the amount of gas dissolved in the solution decreases and forms a “bubble” of gas within the solution
Henry’s Law Illustration
Low pressure equilibriumLow concentration
Double the pressure equilibriumDouble the concentration
How does the increased pressure at depth affect gas in the body?
The increased pressure of each gas component at depth means that more of each gas will dissolve into the blood and body tissues, a physical effect predicted by Henry's Law
Inhaled gases are in close contact with blood entering the lungs
Hence, the greater the partial pressure of any inhaled gas, the more that gas will diffuse into the blood.
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 21: Emergency Response Plan and First Aid Based on the module ERP should include
Procedures Emergency medical equipment Internal and external contact and support Management of injury and triage Evacuation plan Training to those involved Local facilities Give knowledge to all workers
Elements of ERP – evacuation plan, area custodian/damage control team, fire brigade, emergency medical facility
What is in First Aid Box?
Emilia Zainal Abidin
What to focus on? Chapter 22: Risk Communication Based on module
Definition of risk communication Primary goals of risk communication Risk communication strategies Principles of risk communication
Emilia Zainal Abidin
Thank you.Any questions?
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