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ENVE 304
UNIT OPERATIONS ANDPROCESSES OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
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Reasons for Treatment
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Reasons for Treatment Protect public health
Protect land / water / air quality
Meet legal requirements
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Wastewater
effects on
receiving water
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Pollution Transport in a
River System
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Cuyahoga River, Ohio June 22, 1969
Some River! Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling withsubsurface gases "Anyone who falls into theCuyahoga does not drown, he decays"The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life,not even low forms such as leeches and sludge
worms that usually thrive on wastes."
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Citarum, near the Indonesiancapital of Jakarta
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A river in Sichuan province,China, polluted by a paper mill
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Source of Wastewater
Point and Non-point sources
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Point source Pollution
Single identifiable localized source of air,water, thermal, noise or light pollution.
Domestic
Industrial
Agricultural
Institutional
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Non-point source Pollution
Comes from overland flow of water (rainfall runoff, snowmelt, other water)from both Urban and rural areas. Potential Sources include : Roads and
highways, Farmfields, Pastures, Constructionsites, Logging sites, Illegal
dumping, Septic systems, Stream banks, Parking Lots, etc.
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Basic Elements of WastewaterManagement
Source of WW
Source Control
Cleaner production/pollutionprevention
Collection and transmission
Pumps and Pumping Stations Treatment
End of pipe treatment
Dis osal of WW and slud e
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Source Control and Treatment
Constrains
Discharge standards
Receiving body standards Climate
Economy
Social aspectsAvailable technology
Available land, etc
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Laws and Regulations in Trkiye
Environmental Law (1983) Law No. : 2872
Date of acceptance : 9/8/1983
Official gazette announcement date and number: 11/8/1983 18132
Revised in 2006
This Law aims to protect the environmentbeing the common existence for all living
organisms in line with the principles ofsustainable environment and sustainabledevelopment.
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Environmental Law
Definitions:
Environment: biological, physical, social, economic and culturalenvironment where the creatures mutually interact and continue theirrelation in the course of their life span,
Environmental Protection: all efforts to prevent the destruction,deterioration and termination of environmental values and ecologicalbalance, remedy current deterioration, improve and develop theenvironment, and prevent environmental pollution,
Environmental pollution: any negative impact that occur in theenvironment and may deteriorate health of living creatures,environmental values and ecological balance,
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Environmental Law
Definitions:
Sustainable environment: the phase of rehabilitating, protecting and
improving all environmental values that form the environment to beneeded by current and future generations from all aspects (social,economic, physical etc.), without jeopardizing the existence and qualityof sources to be needed by future generations,
Sustainable development: development and improvement depending
on the basis of creating balance between environmental, economic andsocial targets that insure current and future generations live in a healthyenvironment,
Receiving environment: shall mean air, water, soil and their relatedecosystems,
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
It was published on the Official Gazette dated 4 September 1988and was revised in 2004
Explains technical and legal principles required for the determinationof Water Pollution Control Principles
Point out principles for classifying ground and surface water qualityin three and four classes, respectively
Provides for water quality planning
Aims at both conserving the quality of water resources in
ecosystems and protecting and improving water quality to meetnational requirements.
Describes protection zones and land use strategies in regard toreservoirs and lakes used for drinking water.
Defines principles for discharging effluent to ground and surface
waters, and for treating waste water
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER
SU KALTE SINIFLARI
SU KALTE PARAMETRELER I II III IV
A) Fiziksel ve inorganik- kimyasal
Parametreler
1) Scaklk (oC) 25 25 30 > 30
2) pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 dnda
3) znm oksijen (mg O2/L)a 8 6 3 < 3
4) Oksijen doygunluu (%)a 90 70 40 < 40
5) Klorr iyonu (mg Cl/L) 25 200 400b > 400
6) Slfat iyonu (mg SO4=/L) 200 200 400 > 400
7) Amonyum azotu (mg NH4+-N/L) 0.2c 1c 2c > 2
8) Nitrit azotu (mg NO2-N/L) 0.002 0.01 0.05 > 0.05
9) Nitrat azotu (mg NO3-N/L) 5 10 20 > 20
10) Toplam fosfor (mg P/L) 0.02 0.16 0.65 > 0.65
11) Toplam znm madde (mg/L) 500 1500 5000 > 5000
12) Renk (Pt-Co birimi) 5 50 300 > 300
13) Sodyum (mg Na+/L) 125 125 250 > 250
B) Organik parametreler
1) Kimyasal oksijen ihtiyac (KO) (mg/L) 25 50 70 > 70
2) Biyolojik oksijen ihtiyac (BO) (mg/L) 4 8 20 > 20
3) Toplam organik karbon (mg/L) 5 8 12 > 12
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)
SU KALTE SINIFLARI
SU KALTE PARAMETRELER I II III IV
B) Organik parametreler
4) Toplam kjeldahl-azotu (mg/L) 0.5 1.5 5 > 5
5) Ya ve gres (mg/L) 0.02 0.3 0.5 > 0.5
6) Metilen mavisi ile reaksiyon verenyzey aktif maddeleri (MBAS) (mg/L)
0.05 0.2 1 > 1.5
7) Fenolik maddeler (uucu) (mg/L) 0.002 0.01 0.1 > 0.1
8) Mineral yalar ve trevleri (mg/L) 0.02 0.1 0.5 > 0.5
9) Toplam pestisid (mg/L) 0.001 0.01 0.1 > 0.1
C) norganik kirlenme parametrelerid
1) Civa (g Hg/L) 0.1 0.5 2 > 2
2) Kadmiyum (g Cd/L) 3 5 10 > 10
3) Kurun (g Pb/L) 10 20 50 > 50
4) Arsenik (g As/L) 20 50 100 > 100
5) Bakr (g Cu/L) 20 50 200 > 200
6) Krom (toplam) (g Cr/L) 20 50 200 > 200
7) Krom (g Cr+6/L)llmeyecek
kadar az20 50 > 50
8) Kobalt (g Co/L) 10 20 200 > 200
9) Nikel (g Ni/L) 20 50 200 200
10) inko (g Zn/L) 200 500 2000 > 2000
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)
SU KALTE SINIFLARI
SU KALTE PARAMETRELER I II III IV
C)norganik kirlenme parametrelerid
11) Siyanr (toplam) (g CN/L) 10 50 100 > 100
12) Florr (g F/L) 1000 1500 2000 > 2000
13) Serbest klor (g Cl2/L) 10 10 50 > 50
14) Slfr (g S=/L) 2 2 10 > 10
15) Demir (g Fe/L) 300 1000 5000 > 5000
16) Mangan (g Mn/L) 100 500 3000 > 300017) Bor (g B/L) 1000e 1000e 1000e > 1000
18) Selenyum (g Se/L) 10 10 20 > 20
19) Baryum (g Ba/L) 1000 2000 2000 > 2000
20) Alminyum (mg Al/L) 0.3 0.3 1 > 1
21) Radyoaktivite (pCi/L)
alfa-aktivitesi 1 10 10 > 10beta-aktivitesi 10 100 100 > 100
D) Bakteriyolojik parametreler
1) Fekal koliform(EMS/100 mL) 10 200 2000 > 2000
2) Toplam koliform (EMS/100 mL) 100 20000 100000 > 100000
(a) Konsantrasyon veya doygunluk yzdesi parametrelerinden sadece birisinin salanmas yeterlidir.(b) Klorre kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda bu konsantrasyon limitini drmek gerekebilir.
(c) PH deerine bal olarak serbest amonyak azotu konsantrasyonu 0.02 mg NH3N/L deerini gememelidir.(d) Bu gruptaki kriterler parametreleri oluturan kimyasal trlerin toplam konsantrasyonlarn vermektedir.(e) Bora kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda kriteri 300 g/Lye kadar drmek gerekebilir.
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
TABLO 21: EVSEL NTELKL ATIK SULARIN ALICI ORTAMA DEARJ STANDARTLARI
Tablo 21.1: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular
(Snf 1: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 5-60 Kg/Gn Arasnda, Nfus =84-1000)
PARAMETRE
BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK
KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK
BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) (mg/L) 50 45
KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 180 120
ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 70 45
pH - 6-9 6-9
Tablo 21.3: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular(Snf 3: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 600-6000 Kg/Gnden Byk, Nfus=10000-100000)
PARAMETRE
BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK
KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK
BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) (mg/L) 50 45
KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 140 100
ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 45 30
pH - 6-9 6-9
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
Food production sector (milk-processing, olive oil, soap
production, meat, slaughterhouses, sugar industry etc.)
Mining industry (coal production, cement factories, etc.) Glass industry
Coal processing and energy production sectors
Textile industry (synthetic textile, wool, cotton wool production, etc.)
Oil production industry (petroleum refineries etc.)
Leader production industry
Cellulose, paper, cardboard production industry
Chemical sector (detergent, fertilizer production, petrochemicals,
etc.)
Discharge standards for industrial sectors, in
particular sub-sectors;
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
Tablo 5.3: Sektr: Gda Sanayii (St ve St rnleri)
PARAMETRE BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK
KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK
KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 170 160
YA VE GRES (mg/L) 60 30
pH 6-9 6-9
Tablo 5.15 : Gda Sanayi ( Bykba, Kkba Hayvan Besicilii ve Tavukhaneler)
PARAMETRE BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK
KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK
KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 500 400
ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 200 150
AMONYUM AZOTU (NH4-N) (mg/L) 20 15
FOSFAT FOSFORU (PO4-P) (mg/L) 3 2
pH - 6-9 6-9
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Water Pollution Control Regulation
Tablo 7.4: Sektr: Maden Sanayii (Seramik ve Topraktan anak-mlek Yapm ve Benzerleri)
PARAMETRE BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK
KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK
KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 80 -
ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 100 -
KURUN (Pb) (mg/L) 1 -
KADMYUM (Cd) (mg/L) 0.1 -
NKO (Zn) (mg/L) 3 -
pH - 6-9 6-9
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EU Directives Some examples
Air Quality Frame Directive
Environmental Impact Assessment Directive
IPPC Directive
Birds and Habitat Directives Water Framework Directive
Drinking Water Directive
Urban Wastewater Treatment
Sewage Sludge Directive Bathing Water Directive
Waste Framework Directive
Landfill Directive
Package Waste Directive
Hazardous Wastes Directive
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Water Framework Directive - 2000/60/EC
to prepare a framework for the protection of all waters(surface, coastal, ground)
Drinking Water Directive - 98/83/EC
Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive -91/271/EEC (amended 98/15/EEC)
to protect human health from the adverse effects of anycontamination of water intended for human consumptionby ensuring that it is wholesome and clean
protect the environment from the adverse effects of thewastewater discharges of urban wastewater and
wastewater from certain industries
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Turkish Legislation
Published on 8 January 2006 dated, 26047 no: Official
GazetteRegulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment
UWWT Regulation accepts limit values in 98/15/EEC Urban
Wastewater Treatment Directive; for other articles it refersto Water Pollution Control Regulation
APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
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Name of The EULegislation
Condition of LegislativeHarmonization and
Application Area
Investment Oriented Activities(Precautions)
Directive on Urban Waste WaterTreatment (91/271/EEC)
By-law on Urban waste watertreatment (08.01.2006) Directive isapplied to all received areas where
population is more than 2000
Sewage systems and treatment plants will beconstructed and the existing ones will be rehabilitated.A main plan for environmental infrastructure will be
prepared to determine the needs of infrastructure.
Directive on the protection ofwaters against pollution causedby nitrates from agriculturalsources (91/676/EEC)
By-law on protection of waters againstnitrate pollution caused by agriculturalsources (18.02.2004) Environmentallysensitive areas defined by By-law.Eutrophic Areas or areas having atendency to become eutrophic
New fertilizer storage will be constructed.Equipments will be provided for transporting andspreading of fertilizer.
Water Framework Directive(2000/60/ECC)
Studies about Legislation are going on.(demand for extention)
The Drinking Water Directive(98/83/EC), concerns the qualityof water intended for humanconsumption
By-law on the waters intended forhuman consumption (17.02. 2005)
Water pipelines will be overhauled to supply sufficientamount of healthy water, if necessary, they will berestored and new drinking water pipelines will be laid.Treatment plants will be constructed for waterssupplied from resources which dont comply withdrinking water quality criteria
Directive on the quality requiredof surface water intended for theabstraction of drinking water inthe Member States 75/440/EEC
By-law on the quality of surface waterused as drinking water or intended forthe abstraction of drinking water (20.11. 2005) All surface waters used orintended for drinking water.
Quality standards will be monitored. Determination ofcategories and conformity of existing treatmentplants.Existing treatment plants will be overhauled and newtreatment plants will be constructed.
Directive on the methods ofmeasurement; frequencies ofsampling and analysis of surfacewater intended for the
abstraction of drinking water inthe MemberStates 79/859/EEC
By-law on the quality of surface waterused as drinking water or intended forthe abstraction of drinking water
(20.11. 2005) All surface waters used orintended for drinking water.
This directive is unified with the directive on therequired quality of surface water intended for the
abstraction of drinking water in the Member States
APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
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APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGYName of The EU
LegislationCondition of Legislative
Harmonization andApplication Area
Investment Oriented Activities(Precautions)
Council Directive of on pollutioncaused by certain dangeroussubstances discharged into the
aquatic environment of theCommunity and daughterdirectives 76/464/EEC
By-law on Control of Pollution byDangerous Substances in Water and its
Environment (26.11.2005)
Institutions which construct advanced treatmentsystems will be encouraged. Usage of clean product
technology.Need for additional treatment plant.
Council Directive concerningthe quality of bathing water76/160 EEC
By-law on Bathing Water Quality(09.01.2006) Waters, which will be usedfor bathing and recreational purposes
Appropriate treatment plants, wastewater dischargeand disinfection systems will be constructed to enabledischarges into bathing waters in a manner not toeffect these water bodies negatively. The capacity oflaboratories will be improved for monitoring andreporting waters used for bathing and recreational
purposes
Council Directive on theprotection of the environment,and particular of the soil, whensewage sludge is used inagriculture 86/278/EEC
By-law on Soil Pollution Control(31.05.2005)
Quantity of sludge to be applied per unit area will bedetermined by monitoring the analyses of treatmentsludge and the soil which is applied.
Council Directive on theprotection of groundwateragainst pollution caused bycertain dangerous substances80/68/EEC
A draft of By-law on the protection ofthe groundwaters against pollution
caused by dangerous substances isprepared.
Council Directive on the qualityof fresh waters needingprotection or improvement inorder to support fish life78/659/EEC
Studies about compliance of legislationare being continued by The Ministry OfAgriculture and Rural Affairs.
Council Directive on the quality
required of shellfish waters79/923/EEC
Studies about compliance of legislation
are being continued by The Ministry OfAgriculture and Rural Affairs.
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EU Urban Wastewater Directive
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EU Urban Wastewater Directive
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Harmonization with EU Directives
Regulations related to Urban Wastewater discharges
Population Treatment Plant
Dischargesaccording to WaterPollution ControlRegulation (Year)
Treatment Plant
Dischargesaccording to urban
WastewaterDirective (Year)
>100000 2008 2022
100000-50000 2009 2022
49999-10000 2010 2022
9999-2000 2011 2022
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1)Domestic WW
2) Industrial WW
3) Inflow/Infiltration
4) Stormwater
Components ofWastewater Flows
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Definitions
Sewage: Liquid waste conveyed by a sewer and mayinclude domestic and industrial discharges as well asstorm water, infiltration and inflow
Domestic (sanitary) Sewage: Originates in thesanitary convenience of dwellings, commercial,institutional and similar facilities.
Industrial wastewater: Liquid wastewater fromindustry such as pulp and paper mill or petroleumrefinery.
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Storm Sewage: Flow derived from rainfall events,and deliberately introduced into sewers intended forits conveyance
Infiltration: Water which enters the sewer fromground through leaks
Inflow: Water which enters the sewer from thesurface during rainfall events through flaws in thesystem or through connections to roof or basement
drains.
Definitions
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Wastewater - QUANTITY
Residential: Based on population density, average percapital contribution of wastewater
Dry weather flow ~ 70-100% of water demand
Qdry = ww/w*Population*daily water consumption rate percapita
Commercial: Depends on function and activity
Institutional: Region, climate and type of the facility Recreational Facilities: Seasonal variations
Industrial: Type and size of facility, the degree of waterreuse, onsite wastewater treatment plants
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SEWAGE - QUANTITY
Infiltration:
- A portion of the precipitation in a given area runsquickly into the storms.
- Groundwater
Rates:
Soil type, type of pipes, climate,
topography, water table
Pipes: 0.01-1 m3/d.mm-km (size-length)
0.2-28 m3/ha.d (Drainage area)
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Fluctuations in Wastewater Flow
Short term variations: within the day (diurnalpattern)
Seasonal variations:
Resort areas, small
communities with
collage campuses and
communities with seasonalcommercial and industrial
activities
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Wastewater Peaking Factor
Can be developed based on maximum hour,maximum day or other time periods
Peaking factor = Ratio of peak flow to average flow= Qp/QA
For small residential areas : Peaking Factor is higher(up to 5)
For commercial areas: up to 1.5
Industrial area: less than 1.5
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Example
A development is connected to an intercepting sewer with atrunk sewer. Land use for the development, averageflowrates, the peaking factors and peak infiltrationallowance are given in the following table. Assume Peak
infiltration/Average Infiltration ratio is 1.4.
Determine the maximum and average flowrate from the
development.
Land use Area (ha) AverageFlowrate(m3/ha.d)
PeakingFactor
PeakInfiltrationAllowances(m3/ha.d)
School 10 5 3 3Commercial 15 15 1.5 1.5Industrial 10 25 2 2Residential 150 35 2.5 2.5
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Wastewater Quality Characterization
Wastewater Quality Characteristics
Physical Chemical Biological
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Wastewater Characterization
Need for Characterization:
Determine the most suitable treatment
plant unitsAmount of sludge produced
Amount of oxygen needed
Effluent concentration
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Physical Characteristics:
Turbidity
Color:
Fresh wastewater (2-6 hrs old) is a light tan. Wastewater over 6 hrs old is usually grey color to
dark grey.
Blackening is due to the production of various
sulfides, in particular ferrous sulfide. Conductivity
Temperature:
> average monthly temperature in winter
< average monthly temperature in summer
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Physical Characteristics:
Solids: TSS : Total suspended solids
VSS : Volatile suspended solids
nbVSS : Nonbiodegradable VSSiTSS : Inert TSS
Odor:
Fresh municipal wastewater: soapy or oily odor
and usually not offensive.
Stale municipal wastewater: rotten egg odorbecause of anaerobic bacterial action
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Wastewater Quality Characterization
Escherichia coli
Biological Characteristics:
Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses, algae, rotifers, etc.
Bacterial population : 10
5
to 10
9
cells/mL
Viruses
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Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Summary Tabulation
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Chemical Characteristics: Phosphorus
Organic Phosphorus: present in organic compounds suchas proteins and degradation products
Inorganic phosphorus: present in inorganic compoundssuch as phosphate (PO4
-3). Most of the inorganicphosphorus is from bacterial decomposition of organicphosphorus compounds
Chlorine ion (Cl-) Sulfate Ion (SO4
-2) Alkalinity pH Grease Heavy metal ions: Mercury (Hg), arsenic (AS), lead (Pb),
zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni),
chromium (Cr), and silver (Ag) etc.
Wastewater Quality Characterization
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Example
For the following wastewater samples in the following table, with valuesfor conventional wastewater characterization parameters, determine (a)Inert total suspended solids (b) biodegradable COD (c) slowlybiodegradable COD (d) non biodegradable COD (e) Organic Nitrogen.
Parameter Concentration (mg/L)
TSS 220
VSS 200
COD 450
sCOD 130
BOD 200
rbCOD 40
TKN 40
NH4-N 25
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UNIT OPERATIONS &
PROCESSES-Unit operations: the methods of treatment wherephysical forces predominate
-Unit processes: the methods of treatment wherechemical or biological reactions are used.
Unit operations and processes are groupedtogether to achieve various treatment levels as;
preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary
(advanced) treatment.
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Levels of Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
Screen (Physical Operation)
Grit chamber (Physical Operation)
Primary Treatment Sedimentation (Physical Operation)
Secondary Treatment
Activated Sludge (Biological Process)
Advanced treatment Precipitation, chlorination, adsorption, filtration, etc.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
-Basic Operations and Process-
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Preliminary WW treatment
Removal of constituents that may causemaintenance or operational problems
Screening
Grit removal for coarse suspendedmatter
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Primary Wastewater Treatment
Portion of the suspended solids and
organic matter is removed
Physical operations: Sedimentation,
flotation
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Conventional Secondary WWTreatment
Removal of biodegradable organics andsuspended solids.
Activated sludge
(fixed film reactors, lagoon systems etc.)
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Conventional Secondary WWTreatment
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Nutrient Removal Control
Reasons to remove nutrients:
Eutrophication
is the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially
compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus,
causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher
forms of plant life to produce an undesirabledisturbance to the balance of organisms present in
the water and to the quality of the water
concerned
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Nutrient Removal Control
Reasons to remove nutrients:
Eutrophication
Nitrification O2 depletion Recharge of groundwater used indirectly for
public water supplies
Nutrients : Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nutrients can be removed by biological, chemicalor combination of processes
Nutrient removal is coupled with secondarytreatment
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Advanced WW treatment
Level of treatment required beyond conventionalsecondary treatment to remove constituents ofconcern including nutrients, toxic compounds, andincreased amounts of organic materials andsuspended solids
Nutrient removal, chemical coagulation,flocculation, and sedimentation followed byfiltration and activated carbon
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis
7/28/2019 ENVE 304 Notes 1
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Recommended