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English Word Formation. Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlanga University. Types of Word Formation. Compounding Prefixation Suffixation Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms Toponyms. 1. Compounding. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Types of Word Formation
1. Compounding2. Prefixation3. Suffixation4. Conversion5. Clipping6. Blends7. Backformation8. Acronyms9. Onomatopoeia10. Eponyms11. Toponyms
1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word.
Examples: Home + work homework Pick + pocket pickpocket
The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
Types of compounds: Compound nouns Compound verbs Compound adjectives
Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback
2. Cut-throat, breakfast
3. Sunshine, birth control
4. Software, fast food
5. In-crowd, overkill
6. Drop-out, put-on
1. Noun + Noun
2. Verb + Noun
3. Noun + Verb
4. Adjective + Noun
5. Particle + Noun
6. Verb + Particle
Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive
2. Fine-tune
3. Overbook
4. Bad-mouth
1. Noun + Verb
2. Adjective + Verb
3. Particle + Verb
4. Adjective + Noun
Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive
2. Deaf-mute
3. Coffee-table
4. Roll-neck
5. White-collar
6. Before-tax
7. Go-go
1. Noun + Adjective
2. Adjective + Adjective
3. Noun + Noun
4. Verb + Noun
5. Adjective + Noun
6. Particle + Noun
7. Verb-verb
2. Prefixation
Class-changing prefixes: a- asleep V to Adj be- bewitch N to V en- enslave N to V
Class-maintaining prefixes: in- indefinite Adj to Adj fore- foreman N to N Etc.
3. Suffixation
Suffixes forming Nouns N from N: -dom kingdom N from V: -ee employee N from Adj: -ce dependence
Suffixes forming Verbs V from N: -ify beautify V from Adj: -en shorten
Suffixes forming adjectives Adj from N: -al educational Adj from V: -able understandable Adj from Adj: -ish greenish
Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.
4. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category.
Types of Conversion Verb to Noun: to hit a hit Adj to N: a final game a final N to V: a sign to sign Adj to V: an empty box to empty
5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables
Examples: Gasoline Gas Hamburger Burger delicatessen microphone
deli
mike
6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted.
Examples: Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Wireless + Fidelity Sheep + goat
Wi-fi Shoat
7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis.
Examples: editor (1649)
edit (1791) television (1907)
televise (1927) Paramedical (1921)
paramedic (1967)
8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several words and use them as a new word
Examples: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
SWOT Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
SCUBA
SWBAT
PIN, laser
9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing that they name.
English Japanese Tagalog Indonesian
Cock-a-doo Kokekokko Kuk-kakauk Kukuruyuk
Meow Nya Niyaw Meong
10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named.
Examples: Celcius (Anders Celcius) Cook Islands (James Cook) Ford Cars
11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature.
Examples: Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish) Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)
Identify the type of word formation:
1. information, commercials Informercials2. Babysitter babysit3. Demi + god Demigod4. Do + able doable5. A catalogue to catalogue6. Drama + comedy dramedy7. Game + pad gamepad8. Greek + god Greek god
= Blend= Back-formation= Prefixation= Suffixation= Conversion= Blend = Compound= Compound
MULTIPLE PROCESSES
For example, the term deli seems to have become a common American English expression via a process of first borrowing delicatessen (from German) and then clipping that borrowed form.
If someone says that problems with the project have snowballed, the final word can be analyzed as an example of compounding in which snow and ball were combined to form the noun snowball, which was then turned into a verb through conversion
STUDY QUESTIONS
1 What is the difference between etymology and entomology? 2 Which of the following pairs contains an example of calque?
How would you describe the other(s)? (a) footobooru (Japanese) – football (English) (b) tre´ning (Hungarian) – training (English) (c) luna de miel (Spanish “moon of honey”) – honeymoon
(English) (d) jardin d’enfants (French “garden of children”) – Kindergarten
(German“children garden”)
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