English Language Teaching

English Language Teaching

Dr. Hala Salih Mohammed NurEnglish Language Institute

University of Khartoum

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Course Content• Abbreviations and Acronyms • Teaching of English in Sudan• Methodology of English Language Teaching• Teaching Language Skills• Teaching Language Systems• Computer Assisted Language Learning• Teaching Young Learners• Learners’ of English Language• Second Language Acquisition • Assessment and Testing • Syllabus Design• Lesson Planning

Terms

• ESL• ESOL• EFL• EAL• EIL• ELF• ESP• EAP• ELL

• English as a Second Language• English to Speakers of Other Languages• English as a Foreign Language• English as an Additional Language• English as an International Language• English as a Lingua Franca• English for Specific Purposes• English for Academic Purposes• English Language Learner

Other Terms

• World Englishes• refers to the

emergence of localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in nations colonised by Great Britain or the United States

• World English• refers to the English

language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity.

Braj Kachru (1985)

Teaching of English Language in Sudan

(Problems /Challenges)

The Changing Status of English Language in Sudan

Past, Present and Future.

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa.

Linguistic diversity is a feature of Sudan.

This diversity has become a symbol of multiple identities: religious, cultural, ethnic and Linguistic.

It is estimated that there are around 177 languages spoken in Sudan (Abu Manga, 2006).

Sudan has been historically both a north-south and an east-west migration crossroad. This factor and other factors like the constant population movement as a result of drought, famine, civil war and emigration from neighboring countries has made Sudan very diverse linguistically.

Arabic (7th

C)♦

came in with Arabs

.♦spread by diffusi

on.

English

(19th C )♦

came in with British

.♦spread by education.

Language PolicyNorthern Sudan

1. The British wanted to create an elite administrative body of Sudanese so they opened some primary, intermediate schools to teach English language.

2. 1902 Gordon Memorial Collage was opened. In 1946 it was affiliated with London University.

3. 1934 Bukter Alruda teacher training institute was opened.

1965-Independce of Sudan.

1968-Full Arabicization of civil service and secondary schools.

1990- Arabicization of higher education institute.

NGOs

Discovery of oil

Globalization

Internet

Conflicts

Language PolicySouthern Sudan

1. Education was left for the missionaries.

2. Very few schools were opened.3. The situation was very complex, 44

languages were spoken.4. Arabic was spoken as the lingua

franca in many areas.

"little money there was for education was spent in the North and southern education became 'the lowest priority in a low-priority area' " (Sandell, 1982

In 1918, English became the lingua franca of the South and the language of official correspondence and Sunday became the official holiday.

In 1922, the British Governor passed the 'Closed District Ordinance', a law that made it illegal for Northerners and Southerners to cross borders.

In 1928, The Rejaf Language Conference was convened at which six vernaculars were identified and labeled as 'Group Languages' to be taught at elementary schools. The Conference reinforced the teaching of English and the vernacular languages and Arabic was outlawed completely.

1950

Arabic was reintroduced in the South.

1955-

A mutiny broke out in the South which turned into a civil war

1972

Peace agreement was signed in Addis Ababa.

The First Civil War

The Second Civil War

In 1983 when President Jafaar Numeri declared the nationwide application of Sharia Laws and revived efforts to impose Arabic language and Islamic themed curriculum in the South. A rebellion broke out which turned into a cancerous civil war that continued for more than twenty years with Sudan's People Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M)growing as a major force in the South.

Comprehensive Peace Treaty March 2005

Chapter 2, article 8 of the CPA stated:2.8 Language2.8.1. All indigenous languages are national

languages which shall be respected and developed and promoted.

2.8.2. Arabic language is the widely spoken national language in the Sudan.

2.8.3. Arabic, as a major language at the national level, and English shall be the official working languages of the national Government business and languages of instruction for higher education.

……2.8.5 The use of either language at any level

of government or education shall not be discriminated against.

The Future of English Language in Sudan

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