Energy Capacity to do work work is done when a force is exerted over a distance. For chemists work...

EnergyCapacity to do work

workis done when a force is exerted over a distance.

For chemists work is energy change resulting from a process.

Types of energies:KineticPotential Radiant ThermalChemical

Kinetic EnergyEnergy of motion (chemists’ particular ineterest)

Potential energyAvailable by virtue (effective force) of an object’s position relative to other objects.

Electrostatic energyis one of the most important forms of PE.

It arises from the interactions between charged particles.

It is directly proportional w/ the charges of 2 interacting particles & inversely proportional to the distance separating the 2 particles.

Radiant energy

Comes from the sun.Earth’s primary source of energy.

Thermal energyEnergy associated w/ the random motion of atoms & molecules.

Thermal energy≠ temperature, but it’s dependent on the temp.

The more vigorous the motion of the atoms&molecules in a sample of matter, the hotter the sample is & the greater its thermal energy.

Chemical energyis the potential energy stored in the arrangements of the atoms of the substances.

When a substance participates in a chemical rxn, the chemical energy is gained, lost, or converted into another type of energy.

SI(systems integration) unit of Energy(E)Joule (J)

1 kJ=1000J1cal= 4.186 J

1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Energy is conserved!!!Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

When one form of energy disappears, another form of energy w/ equal magnitude appears.

All forms of energy are interconvertible!!!

ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONSAlmost all chemical reactions absorb or release energy, generally in the form of

HEAT

Heat (Q) Is the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures.

Heat flowFrom hot object ---- cold object

Thermochemistry Is the study of heat changes in chemical rxns.

systemThe specific part of the universe that’s of interest to us.

Surroundings:Includes everything else in the universe.

The chemicals usually constitute the system &the container and everything beyond them (including us) are considered

surroundings.

Types of systemsOpen ClosedIsolatedIsothermalIsochoricisobaric

Types of systems1) open system

Types of systems2) closed system

Types of systems3) isolated system

Volume of the closed system remains constant (ΔV= 0)

Types of systems4) isochoric (isovolumetric)system

Pressure stays constant (ΔP=0)

Types of systems5) isobaric system

Temperature remains constant (ΔT=0)

Types of systems6) isothermal system

Energy in the form of heat can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.

energyMore specifically is,

The capacity to do work or

to transfer heat.

Internal energy (E or U)Internal energy of the system is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies of all the “particles” in the system.

Internal energy (E or U)

For the system of frozen ice or still water, internal energy includes motion of H2O molecules, their rotations and vibrations, energies of the nuclei and electrons.

Internal energy (E or U)

We can’t calculate the actual numerical value of U.

Instead, we can calculate ΔE or ΔU (change in internal energy).

Internal energy (E or U)

ΔU= Ufinal – Uinitial

Uinitial : Internal energy of the system at the beginning( refers to the reactants in a chemical rxn)

Ufinal : Internal energy of the system after the change( refers to the products in a chemical rxn)

Internal energy (E or U)

ΔU (+)

Ufinal > Uinitial The system has gained energy from its surroundings

(-)

Ufinal < Uinitial The system has lost energy to its surroundings

Internal energy (E or U)

ΔUsys + ΔU surr =0 (because the total energy of the universe is constant)

Internal energy (U)

Heat and work are 2 equivalent ways of changing the internal energy of a system

RELATING ΔU TO HEAT AND WORK

+=Change in internal energy

Energy supplied to system as heat

Energy supplied to system as work

U = Q (heat) + W (work)

q

w

q

wU

U like reserves of a bank: bank accepts deposits or withdrawals in two currencies (q & w) but stores them as common fund, U.

Signs (+/-) will tell you if energy is entering or leaving a system

+ indicates energy enters a system

- indicates energy leaves a system

q(+): heat is transferred from the surroundings to the system.q (-): heat is transferred from the system to the surroundings

When q is (+) & w is (+) ΔU>0 (energy of the system increases)

When q is (-) & w is (-)

ΔU <0 (energy of the system decreases)

W (+): work is done by the surroundings on the system

W (-): work is done by the system on the surroundings

ExcerciseCalculate ΔU for a system undergoing an

endothermic process in which 15.6 kJ of heat flows & where 1.4 kJ of work is done on the system.

solutionQ= +15.6kJW= +1.4kJ∆U= (+15.6kJ) + (+1.4kJ)= 17.0kJ

ExerciseDuring a reaction, the decrease in the

internal energy of the system is 125 J and the system gains 55 J of heat.

I.The system does the work.II.Volume of the system increases.III.W= - 70 J.

Which of the statements are correct?(Esen yayinlari,2010)

answer:I and II

W = - PΔV1) when pressure (P) of the system of a gas is constant :

a) ΔV might increase because of expansion of the gas.

- w (-), since work is done by the system through expansion

ΔU= qp-w qp: heat change at constant pressure

W = - PΔV1) when pressure (P) of the system of a gas is constant:

b) ΔV might decrease because of compression of the gas.

- w (+), since work is done on the system through compression

ΔU= qp+w

qp: heat change at constant pressure

ΔV = o, w = o

ΔU = qv + wΔU = qv (the subscript “v” indicates that volume is constant)

qp≠qv

W = - PΔV2) when volume (V) of the system of a gas is constant:

ExerciseA system loses 21 kJ of its internal energy when it releases 125 kJ of heat.

A) calculate the work associated w/ this process?

B) is the work done on or by the system?

solutionA) ∆U= - 21kJ q= -125 kJ

∆U= q+W -21=(-125)+w w= +104kJ

B) on the system.

Referenceswww.erlanger.k12.ky.us/teachers/Gels.../che

mical%20reactions.pptlibrary.tedankara.k12.tr/IB/mustafa/.../

Internal%20Energy%2010A.ppthttp://www.goalfinder.com/product.asp?prod

uctid=102Esen yayinlari, 11. sinif konu ozetli soru

cozumleri, 2010.