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ENERGY ACCESS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A
DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE
B. Sudhakara Reddy
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai, India
We can not solve the problems that we have created with the same thinking that created them
--Albert Einstein
In India 450 million people have no access to electricity and an additional 500 million people have access to unreliable electricity
780 million people cook using traditional fuels
Reasons
(i) Accessibility
(ii) Affordability
Result
Loss of natural resources
Prohibits economic opportunities and growth
Social inequity between gender, groups and regions
Degrades environment: local, national, and global
Energy and Development - India
1950 2010 Residential 70 38 Industry 18 32
Transport 5 11
Services/Others 7 19
Total 85 720 (MTOE)
Revisiting facts and Figures Indian Energy Growth Trajectories-
Sector-wise (%)
Household Energy (% shares)
1950 2010 Bio-fuels 97.1 67.2 Kerosene 1.8 2.7 LPG/Electricity 27.2 Others/No cooking 1.0 2.9 Total households 57 251 (million)
Energy Accessibility Indicators - Cooking
Region Category Population (million)
Households (million)
Share of HH having access to LPG/Biogas (%)
Current level of access (%)
Target (million)
Urban Mega (more than 10 million) cities 53 10.6 90
Metros (5–10 million) 32 6.4 85 Other cities (0.5–5 million) 101 20.2 75 Small towns (less than 0.5 million) 191 38.2 50
Total 375 84 65 29
Rural 835 167 11 11.0 148
Energy Accessibility indicators - lighting
Year
Village electrification Households electrification
Villages electrified
% share CAGR (%)
Households (million)
Electrified (%) CAGR (%)
1947 1500 0.28
1951 3061 0.57 8.2 61 0.02
1961 21750 4.03 24.34 68 1.5 1.2
1971 106931 19.81 19.36 78 5.1 1.5
1981 273906 50.75 11.02 92 14.7 1.9
1991 474982 88.00 6.31 114 30.5 2.4
2001 481124 89.14 0.14 137 43.5 2.1
2011 493240 91.38 0.28 167 55.0 2.2
Energy affordability indicators
Region/Energy Carriers % share of HH using various fuels
Poor Non-poor Total
Rural Solid 93.5 66.4 75.1
Liquid 3.7 11.5 8.9
Gas/Elec. 1.1 21.3 14.7
No cooking 1.7 0.8 1.1
Total households (million) 52 110 167
Urban Solid 85.5 32.3 47.5
Liquid 6.7 4.5 5.1
Gas/Elec. 4.5 62.1 45.7
No cooking 3.3 1.1 1.7
Total households (million) 25 59 84
Economic losses
Item Losses/year
Productive time for adults (billion Hrs) 110
Productive time for children (billion Hrs) 78
Resources
– Kerosene/Petro. products imports (billion US$) 3.7
– Forests/plantation (million hectares) 3.0
Health – working days lost (billion Hrs) 1.02
Education – loss of hours (billion Hrs) 78
Pollution (Mt of CO2) 694
Each household’s BASIC ENERGY REQUIREMENT is comprised of
– Light - four to five hours per day – Fan – six to eight hours a day – power point supplying electricity - power a TV or charge cell
phone – Efficient cooking services
– Cooking – Gasseous fuels In rural and per-urban areas a community biogas digester can
supply cooking energy services. – Lighting: Electric power Hilly regions/Dispersed population – off grid Village not electrified - De-centralised renewable source Village electrified-HH not electrified – National Grid
The new business model (Entrepreneurship-based)
Costs Cooking Lighting
Rural Urban Total
Total No of HH (million) 167 84 251 HH 74
HH deprived (million) 148 8 156 Demand (MW) 7772
Cost of biogas (per m3) plant (Rs.) 5000 8000
Capacity cost (000 s/KW) 60 - 80
Requirement of gas per HH (m3) 1 1 1
T & D cost (000 Rs./KW) 10 - 35
Total installation cost (billion Rs.) 743 67 810
Cost/village (Rs. million) 0.9 to 1.4
Piping requirement (m) per HH 25 15 25
Total cost (Rs. billion) 817
Piping cost per km (Rs.) 60000 60000 60000 Street lighting 5.4
Piping cost (Rs. billion) 166 11 176
Grand total 823
Total cost (Rs. billion) 965 75 1040
Benefits through modern energy services (USD/HH/month)
Benefits Per HH/Total Time saved for household chores/increased leisure 5.5
Productivity/Home business
Existing 3.2
New 2.3
Lighting 10.3
TV 7.5
Education 6.2
Improved health 0.02
Reduced fertility 0.08
Energy savings (GJ/annum) 8.0
Carbon savings (Total HH/year 43.0
The Implementation
What “they” can do and what “I” can do?
State Importing &
Exporting Countries
UNFCCC
Academia
Aligning the Actors
Carbon Trading Companies
Consumers
Service Providers
Utilities & Suppliers
Equip. Manf.
Financial Inst.
Developed Economies
CDM Projects & Technology Transfer
Policymakers
Tech R&D (EERT Agencies)
Local NGOs
Domestic Industries
Foreign Industries
Energy Security Climate Security
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