Endocrine System Marie Černá. Regulatory systems Nervous system Endocrine system

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Marie ČernáMarie Černá

Regulatory systemsRegulatory systems

•Nervous system

•Endocrine system

GlandsGlands• Endocrine – hormone-secreting organs,

secrete their chemical messengersdirectly into body fluids (blood)

• Exocrine – enzyme/mucus-secreting organs,secrete their chemical messengers into ducts that convey the productsto the appropriate locations

Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands1. Pineal gland

2. Hypothalamus +

Pituitary gland

3. Thyroid gland +

Parathyroid glands

4. Thymus

5. Adrenal glands

6. Pancreas

7. Ovary (female)

8. Testis (male)

Feedback inhibitionFeedback inhibition

Pineal glandPineal gland

hormone chemical class

representative actions

regulated by

Melatonin amine involved in biological rhythms

light/dark cycles

Anterior pituitaryAnterior pituitaryhormone

peptide/protein

representative

actions

regulated by

Growth hormone GH ↑ growth + metabolism

hypothalamic h.

Prolactin PRL ↑ milk production + secretion

hypothalamic h.

Thyroid-stimu-lating hormone

TSH ↑ thyroid gland hypothalamic h.

thyroxine

Adrenocortico-tropic hormone

ACTH ↑ adrenal cortex → glucocorticoids

hypothalamic h.

glucocorticoids

Follicle-stimu-lating hormone

FSH ↑ production of ova and sperm

hypothalamic h.

Luteinizing hormone

LH ↑ ovaries and testes

hypothalamic h.

Posterior pituitaryPosterior pituitary

hormone

peptide

representative

actions

regulated by

Antidiuretic hormone

ADH ↑ retention of water by kidneys

water/salt balance

Oxytocin ↑ contraction of uterus + mammary gland cells

nervous system

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

• Follicular cells – thyroxine

• Parafollicular c-cells - calcitonin

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

hormone

representative

actions

regulated by

T4 Thyroxine T3

amine ↑ metabolic processes TSH

Calcitonin peptide ↓ blood calcium level calcium in blood

TT44 Tetraiodothyronine Tetraiodothyronine

TT33 Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine

Parathyroid glandsParathyroid glands

Hormone

representative actions

regulated by

Parathyroid hormone, PTH

peptide ↑ blood calcium level

calcium in blood

Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood calcium levelBlood calcium level

Thyroid feedbackThyroid feedback

Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands

Adrenal glandsAdrenal glands

Medulla: adrenalin (epinephrine) +noradrenalin (norepinephrine)

Cortex: z. reticularis – DHA

dehydroepiandrosteronez. fasciculata – cortisol

(glucocorticoids)z. glomerulosa – aldosterone

(mineralocorticoids)

Adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla

Hormone

representative actions

regulated by

adrenalin

noradrenalin

amine ↑ blood glucose level

↑ metabolic activities

vessel constriction

nervous system

CatecholaminesCatecholamines

Synthesis of catecholaminesSynthesis of catecholamines

Adrenal cortex Adrenal cortex

hormone

steroid

representative

actions

regulated by

Glucocorticoids ↑ blood glucose level ACTH

Mineralocorticoids ↑ reabsorption of Na+ + ↑ excretion of K+

in kidneys

kalium in blood

Steroids hormonesSteroids hormones

Sex hormones (steroids)Sex hormones (steroids)

Adrenal cortex

Testes Androgens

Ovaries Estrogens

Progesterone

Sex hormones in femaleSex hormones in female

Sex hormones in maleSex hormones in male

PancreasPancreas

PancreasPancreas

Langerhans islets

• Alpha cells

→ glucagon

• Beta cells

→ insulin

PancreasPancreas

hormone

peptide

representative

actions

regulated by

Insulin ↓ blood glucose level glucose in blood

Glucagon ↑ blood glucose level glucose in blood

Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms of blood glucose and insulinof blood glucose and insulin

Homeostasis:Homeostasis:Blood glucose levelBlood glucose level

• ↑ blood glucose level

Glucagon

Glucocorticoids

Catecholamines

• ↓ blood glucose level

Insulin

ThymusThymus

ThymusThymus

hormone chemical class

representative actions

regulated by

Thymosin peptide stimulates

T lymphocytes

LiteratureLiterature

Biology, eighth edition,Campbell, Reece

Unit seven: Animal Form and FunctionChapter 45:

Hormones and the Endocrine SystemPages 975 – 996