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Electrical Force
Unit 1.3
Objectives Explain the similarities and differences between
Newton’s law of universal gravitation and Coulomb’s law.
Explain how the force between two like charges and the force between two unlike charges are different.
Describe how to create an electric field. Define electric potential difference or voltage. Differentiate between AC and DC . Identify the most common sources of DC voltage. Describe how to connect DC voltage sources so
that voltages will add.
Gravitational Force Newton’s universal law of gravitation
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the mass of each body and that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Fg= Gm1m2
d2Where G = 6.67 x 10-11
N m2
kg2
Electric Charge Charge – the property of an object that
causes electrical force. Positive and Negative charges exist. Like charges repel Unlike charges attract (opposites
attract)
+ -
Gravity and Electrical Force Both are inverse square laws Both give magnitude of the force one
object exerts on another Gravitational force is always
attractive, but electrical force can be attractive or repulsive.
Gravitational forces govern large bodies
Electrical forces govern smaller bodies
Origins of electrical charge Anatomy of an atom?
Protons – Positive charge Neutrons – Neutral charge Electrons – Negative charge
Normal atom has no net charge Electrons can move in some substances Principle of conservation of charge
The net electrical charge in an isolated system never changes. (hair and comb)
Electrical Force Charles Coulomb and his law
The electrical force between two charged bodies is directly proportional to the charge on each body and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
FE= Kq1q2
d2Where K = 9.0 x 109
N m2
C2
charges
Distance
SI unit = Coulomb (C)Elementary Charge - Charge on one electron or proton = 1.6 x
10-19 C
Gravitational and Electrical Fields
The fields are the space between two masses or charges and the effects within them.
Positive charge
Negative charge
Opposite plates
Opposite charges
Like charges
Electrical Potential When charges are within an electric
field an electrical potential difference is created.
Volt – unit of measurement for potential difference. (electrical potential, voltage)
Voltage is the prime mover in electrical systems (like pressure in fluid system).
Electrical Potential
Fluid system
Electrical system
Flow caused by “potential” difference
Current – Flow
Sources of Difference
A pump is a source of fluid pressure difference
A battery is a source of electrical potential
difference
Components of Electrical Systems
Voltage source (battery or generator)
Conductors (wires or circuit board) Load (motor, lights, etc.) Control element (switch)
Voltage
source
Control
Electrical Load
Electrical circuit
AC vs. DC Direct Current (DC) – charge flows
in one direction. Batteries Solar Panels
Alternating Current (AC) – charge flows back and forth. Alternators Generators
Batteries Cell – a single unit housing one or more
chemical. Battery – consist of several cells How does it work?
Chemicals react and electrons are removed creating a potential difference (voltage)
Primary Cells – one time use batteries (cannot be recharged)
Secondary Cells – Can be recharged
Connecting cells Electrodes – the positive and negative
terminals on a battery (cell). Positive electrode (red) called anode. Negative electrode (black) called
cathode. Voltages add when cells are
connected in series.Battery Battery
+
++
-
- -
1.5 v
3.0 v
1.5 v
A Simple DC Circuit
AC Circuits An AC voltage source reverses the
positive and negative terminals many times per second.
The current flows one direction and then the other then the other…..
This changing of polarity or cycling is called frequency, measured in cycles per second (hertz).
AC vs DC
Where does AC come from? The main source of 60hz current
comes from electrical power plants, through power lines and into your homes.
Generally 110 – 120 volts Some larger electrical devices
need 220 – 240 volts.
Summary Newton’s law of universal gravitation and
Coulomb’s law are both inverse squares laws. The magnitudes of both forces decrease with the square of the distance between the masses and the charges.
Atoms are composed of proton, neutrons and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge.
The flow of electrons in an electrical system is a current.
Unlike charges attract, like charges repel.
Summary (cont.) An electric field is a model of the alteration of space
around one or more charges. You can use the field to predict the force exerted on a charge placed in a the field.
The potential difference, or voltage, between two points in a uniform electric field is the product of the field strength and the distance between the points.
Voltage is the prime mover in electrical systems. A battery is a source of DC voltage. It can maintain
a current in an electrical circuit. Batteries or cells can be connected in series to
increase voltage.
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