ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as...

ELAINE N. MARIEB

EIGHTH EDITION

2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY

& PHYSIOLOGY

PART ABasic Chemistry

Section I

Matter

Matter

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass

Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas Anatomy States of Matter Examples:

Solid – bones, teeth Liquid – blood plasma, interstitial fluid

Gas – air

Phase changes Matter can be changed physically or chemically

Physical changes – do not alter the basic nature of a substance Example: ice melting, cutting food into smaller pieces

Chemical changes – do alter the composition of the substance Example: fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of food

Energy

Energy – the ability to do workKinetic energy – movement energy

Potential energy – inactive or stored energy

Form of Energy Application to Body

Chemical Released when food is di gested and broken down

Electrical Electr ical Curr ents found in the body

Mechanical Movement by muscles in your body

Radiant Light E nergy in your eyes & UV waves for a suntan

Forms of Energy

Composition of Matter Elements

Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements

Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N)

Many more elements occur in smaller amounts or as trace elements

AtomsBuilding blocks of elements

Elements are designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called a chemical symbol

Atomic Structure Nucleus

Protons: positive charge

Neutrons: neutral charge

Outside of nucleus, found in orbitals: Electrons: negative charge

Figure 2.1

Section 2:

Biochemistry: Essentials

for Life

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

I. Inorganic compounds: Lack carbonTend to be simpler compoundsExamples:

Water: H2O

Salts: NaCl Some acids & bases: LiOH, HBr

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

II. Organic compounds: Contain carbon

Examples of organic compounds:

Carbohydrates: glucose

Lipids: fats, steroids, waxes

Proteins: enzymes, antibodies

Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

MAJOR AREA in Section 2:Major Inorganic

Compounds(4 of them)WaterSaltsAcidsBases

MAJOR AREA in Section 3:Major Organic Compounds

(5 of them)Carbohydrate

Lipid

Proteins

Nucleic Acid

ATP

Important Inorganic Compounds

1. Water Most abundant inorganic compounds

Accounts for two-thirds of body weight 60-80%

Properties of WaterVital properties High heat capacity - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat

Polarity/solvent properties - water is the universal solvent

Chemical reactivity - water is a reactant in chemical reaction

Cushioning – water cushions around the brain, joints, and around a fetus

Important Inorganic Compounds2. Salts

Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water

Vital to many body functions Example: Electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic Compounds3. Acids

Can release Hydrogen ions Proton donator Ex: Lemons, Citrus, HBr

4. Bases Can release Hydroxide Ions (OH-)

Proton acceptors Ex: LiOH, Pepto-Bismal

pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH < 7 = acidic pH > 7 = basic

Figure 2.11

Important Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates Contain C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)

Classified according to size Example: sugars and starches

Types of carbohydratesMonosaccharides Simple sugar Made of 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Examples: Glucose - cereals and grains Ribose - sugar found naturally in body

DeoxyRIBOnucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribose - found in sugar, bread and potatoes (DNA)

Types of carbohydratesDisaccharides Double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined

Examples: Sucrose – cane sugar Lactose – milk sugar Maltose – malt sugar

Types of carbohydratesPolysaccharides Long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Large storage products Examples:

Starch - cereal grains, pasta Glycogen - most cuts of meat

Short term energy source

Carbohydrates

Important Organic Compounds

2. Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O) Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

Insoluble in water

Lipids Common lipids in the human body 1. Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits, where they insulate and protect from heat loss and bumps

Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

Source of stored energy

Lipids 2. Phospholipids

Form cell membranes, lipid bilayer Allows lipid bilayer to be selective about what enters and leaves

3. Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Cholesterol The basis for all steroids made in the body

Figure 2.14c

Important Organic Compounds

3. Proteins Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Make up 50% of organic matter in the body Made up of amino acids

about 20 varieties of amino acids found in proteins

the sequence which they are bound together produces proteins that vary in structure and function

Proteins Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Provides for construction materials for body tissues

Plays a vital role in cell function

Types of Proteins1. Fibrous or structural

proteins

§ provide strength to body tissues

Examples: Collagen - in bones,

cartilage, tendons Keratin - in hair and nails

Types of Proteins2. Globular or functional proteins do things and are important in almost all biological process

** Important in bio. processes Examples:

Antibodies - provide immunity Hormones - regulate growth and development

Enzymes - catalysts that regulate every chemical reaction

Enzymes Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions

most enzymes end in the suffix -ASE

Figure 2.17

Important Organic Compounds4. Nucleic Acids

make up the genes that provide the blueprint of life

building blocks: nucleotides 3 parts

nitrogen-containing base pentose sugar a phosphate group

Examples: DNA and RNA

Nucleic AcidsDNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

Figure 2.18c

DNA determines INHERITED characteristics

DNA DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus

Has 2 functions:

1 - replicates itself before the cell divides

2 - provides instructions for building proteins in the body

RNA

located outside of the nucleus

carries out protein synthesis

Nucleotide basesDNA (Adenine) A binds to T (Thymine) (Guanine) G binds to C (Cytosine)

RNA A binds to U (Uracil) G binds to C

Important Organic Compounds5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells

Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond

ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

How ATP Drives Cellular Work

Figure 2.20