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Efficiency, Buildings, and Green Design
Kevin SchwartzenbergJune 2014
What is Energy Efficiency?
“A measure of the amount of energy required to produce a product or provide a service”
- Amount of natural gas to keep a house heated to a given temperature
- Amount of gasoline to drive a given distance
- Amount of electricity to produce a given amount of aluminum
Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation: reducing the amount of energy used
𝐴=𝜋 𝑟2
Energy Conservation
Energy Efficiency
Reduced Consumption
To lower the amount of energy used, we can eithera) use less products and
servicesb) increase the efficiency of
providing those products and services
Distinction from Classical Efficiency
Typically, we talk about efficiency in terms of energy conversion efficiency
- Amount of mechanical energy from an engine produced by a given amount of chemical energy from gasoline
- Amount of electrical energy from a solar panel produced by a given amount of incident solar energy from the sun
Improving conversion efficiency is one way to improve energy efficiency…
…but there are other ways
- Reducing weight
- Increasing or decreasing resistance to heat transfer
- Manufacturing process improvements
The “First” FuelTwo March 2014 studies on the cost of electricity saved by efficiency programs
LBNL also looked at the cost of natural gas efficiency savings
The “First” Fuel
Average cost of natural gas in Chicago for December 2014
Which technological developments do you expect to have the most impact in your power market?
Buildings
• 36% of total energy use in US• 65% of total electricity use in US• 30% of GHG emissions, waste streams, raw
material use• 12% of water consumption
Energy Use: Residential Buildings
Source: DOE Buildings Energy Data Book
Energy Use: Commercial Buildings
Source: DOE Buildings Energy Data Book
Residential Building Efficiency
Energy Efficient Illinois
Blower Door Test
Source: DOE
Identification of Leaks
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RbGnSwKKJk
Smoke Test
IR Camera Survey
Blower Door Test
Heat Recovery Ventilation System
Typical Findings
Thermal Resistance, R
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Windows
Efficient Windows Collaborative
Source: FujiFilmhttp://www.fujifilm.com/about/research/report/058/pdf/index/ff_rd058_012_en.pdf
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
Low e window coating detail
Electrochromic Smart WindowsElectrochromic – changes color in response to current flow
Can allow visible light through while reflecting near infrared radiation (heat)
Conventional (Tank Storage) Hot Water Heater
Characteristics affecting efficiency:
• Tank insulating material
• Heating element/ combustion efficiency
Efficient Hot Water Heater Designs
Tankless (Demand) Solar Heat Pump
• Uses heating element to heat water on demand
• Eliminates losses due to standby heating
• Pumps water through loop from tank to collector and back
• Reduces fuel use by utilizing solar radiation
• Pulls hot air from surroundings into heater
• Reduces electricity use by utilizing hot air (e.g. furnace room)
Passive Solar Heating
LEED Buildings
Leadership inEnergy &EnvironmentalDesign
Green building program that provides a framework for implementing practical solutions for green building design, construction, operations, and maintenance.
Source: USGBC
LEED New Building Rating System
Sustainable sites
Water efficiency
Energy & atmosphere
Materials & resources
Indoor environmental quality
Category
26
10
35
14
15
100
PointsPossible
Activity PointsPossible
Optimize energy consumption over baseline building
Generate renewable energy on site
Use enhanced commissioning process
Enhanced refrigerant management
Create measurement and verification plan
Purchase 35% electricity from green sources
Water efficiency
Energy & atmosphere
Materials & resources
Indoor environmental quality
19
7
2
2
3
2
Total
LEED Certification Levels
(Out of 100 points)
LEED Building Benefits:
• Lower operational costs• Higher lease-up rates• Better work environment (higher productivity)• Reflects company values
Source: USGBC
LEED ND
•Primary focus on location and land use•Looks beyond individual buildings•Different credit categories
Source: USGBC
Hierarchy of Efficiency
Devices Behaviors
Data & Controls
Efficient Systems
Heirarchy of Efficiency
Devices Behaviors
Data & Controls
Efficient Systems
Improving Efficiency of Devices
• Efficiency standards
• New technologies
• Market Forces
Household Devices
Steady incremental improvement with occasional step changes
ODYSSEE, Enerdata, October 2010 update.
Home Appliances
Lighting
Source: The Climate Group
Case Study: Refrigerators
Efficient Devices can have a big impact
Approximately 1 million LED christmas lights
Behavior Case Study: Thermostats
• Heat loss (gain) is proportional to the difference between inside and outside temperature.
• Small changes in thermostat setpoint can have large effects on energy use.
• Setback schedules can also capture savings
Source: City of Edmond, OK
Source: Michael Blasknik via EnergyVanguard.com
Thermostat Setbacks
Energy efficient behaviors are slow to catch on
• “The programmable thermostat is the VCR of our day.” - Deirdre Sullivan, for HouseLogic.com
• LBNL survey found 90% of respondents have rarely or never programmed their thermostat because they don’t know how.
One Solution: Automation!
Automation: Nest Thermostat
• Remote control via app• Learns your patterns• Results– 11% reduction in AC energy cost in Southern CA
study
Auto Schedule
Auto Away
More & Better Data
• Meter data resolution up 6 orders of magnitude• Access to data easier than ever
1 data point per 30 days 1 data point per second
vs
http://www.im.ethz.ch/publications/weiss_Percom2012.pdf
Analysis of 1Hz Smart Meter Data
Framing the message:Benchmarking
Framing the Message: Results
Framing the Message: The Call to Action
vs
What is Green Design?
“A product design philosophy that treats environmental impacts as design objectives rather than as constraints”
In other words, it seeks to minimize any of the following impacts of the product:
• Common air pollutants• GHG emissions• Lead• Eutrophication• Water use/consumption• Solid waste generation• Land use
Principles of Green Design1. Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial
2. Prevention Instead of Treatment
3. Design for Separation
4. Maximize Efficiency
5. Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed
6. Conserve Complexity
7. Durability Rather Than Immortality
8. Meet Need, Minimize Excess
9. Minimize Material Diversity
10. Integrate Material and Energy Flows
11. Design for Commercial "Afterlife"
12. Renewable Rather Than Depleting
* Anastas, P.T., and Zimmerman, J.B., "Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering", Env. Sci. and Tech., 37, 5, 94A-101A, 2003.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)The most valuable tool for green design!
Raw Material Acquisition
Material Processing
Manufacturing
Use
Disposal or Recycling
Energy
Materials
Emissions
Waste
Co-products
Adapted from Masanet
System Diagram - Bread
Flour Milling
Wheat Farming
Fertilizer Production
Baking
Other Ingredient Production
Packaging Material
Production
On-site Storage
Energy
Flour
Emissions
Disposal
EnergyEmissions/Waste
EnergyEmissions/Waste
EnergyEmissions/Waste
EnergyEmissions
Wheat
Fertilizer
Bread
Use
System Boundary
Transportation
Functional Unit: 1 kg of bread
Life Cycle Inventory
Farm
ing
Milli
ng
Baking
Transp
ortation
Storag
e/Prep
Disposal
Total -
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30 Ca
rbon
Dio
xide
Em
issi
ons
(kg)
Economic Input/Output LCAEIO LCA takes an aggregate approach
Basic assumption:To produce $1 of goods in a given sector of the economy, it will require $X i of goods or services from each sector of the economy, i.
(The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis prepares this data every few years)
SteelPetroleum RefiningVehicle Manufacturing
Thus, if we want to understand the impact of producing $100,000 of vehicles, we can determine the $ amount of steel, petroleum, etc that is required.
EIO LCA Environmental Factors
Advantages of EIO methodology• Don’t need to draw a boundary• Less expensive to carry out• Can be completed more quickly
Final Step:Calculate the direct environmental impact for a given amount of sector demand
Example:• $1 of steel = 0.1 tons of CO2e
• $1 of refined petroleum = 0.3 tons of CO2e
• $1 of vehicles = 0.02 tons of CO2e
Add up impacts based on the economic outputs of each sector for total impact
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