Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and

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Effect of rail fastening system on railway noise and vibration in general, and

hi h d il t i ti lon high speed rail systems in particular

12/3/2010

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APTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCEAPTA 2006 RAIL CONFERENCE

Railway Noise: Some case studies Railway Noise: Some case studies f diff t bl ithf diff t bl ithof different problems with of different problems with

different solutionsdifferent solutionsSteve CoxSteve Cox

Pandrol Rail Fastenings Pandrol Rail Fastenings ggTechnical Development DirectorTechnical Development Director

Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow

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ContentContent

IntroductionIntroductionP i i lP i i l PrinciplesPrinciples

Case studiesCase studies Ground VibrationGround Vibration

Airborne NoiseAirborne Noise

St t l Vib tiSt t l Vib ti Structural VibrationStructural Vibration

SummarySummary2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE2006 APTA RAIL CONFERENCE

Investing Today for a Brighter TomorrowInvesting Today for a Brighter Tomorrow

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IntroductionIntroduction

Directly transmitted

noiseFrom vehicle, wheels, rails pantographs etcnoise rails, pantographs etc.

Secondary Noise Results from

ib ti fNoise vibration of structures

Vibration

Transmitted through ground

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IntroductionIntroduction70

60m/s

) MGround borne vibration

100

90

50

60

dB re

f 5e-

8 m

B

L G

80

d (d

B A

)

VRVN

Airborne noise

TS

30

40

ibra

tion

(d

60

70

RH

Soun

d

A

W

TP

TS

Structuralvibration

10

20

LHV

40

50D

0

100 1000010 1000Frequency (Hz)

30

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IntroductionIntroduction

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ModellingModelling

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Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory m

/s)

80

70

(dB

ref 5

e-8

60

70

xton

200

4 Reducingtrack

stiffness

Vibr

atio

n

40

50

WR

N8

Bux stiffness

Inve

rt

20

30

IW

50 kN/mm

30 kN/mm

15 kN/

Reducedslab vibration

Frequency (Hz)100 100010

10

15 kN/mm

5 kN/mmslab vibration

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Principle I Principle I -- TheoryTheory60

on (d

B)

50

55

xton

200

4

Atte

nuat

io

45

WR

N8

Bux

Slope 14 dB / decadeA

35

40IW

p

10 100130

Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)

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Principle I Principle I -- MeasurementMeasurement130

Rail

1

Rail

90

110

el (d

B)

tland

200

1

70

ratio

n le

ve

WR

N7

Port

30

50

VibrIW

10 31.6 100 3163.1610

Log stiffness (kN/mm/m/rail)

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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration

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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibration

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2

)80

l lev

el

dB re

f 1e-

6m/s

60

70

abov

e ra

i

lera

tion

(d

50

60

rfac

e 13

m

Acc

el

40At s

ur

Frequency (Hz)5010 100 20020

30

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN

/mm

ing

–52

kNng

Fas

ten

Exis

tin

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, ChinaN

/mm

uard

–5

kNro

l Pa

ngu

Pand

r

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, China

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Guangzhou Metro, ChinaGuangzhou Metro, Chinas2

)80

dB re

f 1e-

6m/s

60

70Before

leration (d5

06

0A

ft

er

Acce

l40

F r e q u e n c y ( H z )

50 101002002030

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Ground borne vibrationGround borne vibrationgu

ard Guangzhou GZMGuangzhou GZM

PandrolPandrol Slab 52 Slab 52 kN/mmkN/mm 13 13 mm 5.2 5.2 dBdB

ndro

l Pan

g

London LULondon LULULU Slab 100 Slab 100 kN/mmkN/mm 20 20 mm 6.9 6.9 dBdB

d w

ith P

an

Milan ATMMilan ATMCONVURTCONVURT Slab 150 Slab 150 kN/mmkN/mm 55 mm 12.012.0 dBdB

Fitte

d

Boston MBTABoston MBTAPandrolPandrol Ballast 20 Ballast 20 kN/mmkN/mm 22 22 mm 12.6 12.6 dBdB

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Principle II Principle II -- TheoryTheory100

S

10

dB/m

)

k -T

WIN

S

Reducingtrack

cay

Rat

e (d

ilent

Tra

ck

200 kN/mm12075

stiffness

1

DecS kN/mmkN/mm

Vib ti t l f th l il

Frequency (Hz)

0.11000 10000100

Vibration travels further along rail

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Principle II Principle II -- MeasurementMeasurement100

03

10

dB/m

)

burg

h 20

0

cay

Rat

e (d

CR

R E

dinb Hard Pad

1

DecW

C

Soft Pad

Frequency (Hz)

0.11000 10000100

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Airborne noiseAirborne noise

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Airborne noiseAirborne noise

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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

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AllerAllerøød, Denmarkd, Denmark

kN/mmkN/mmDynamic StiffnessDynamic Stiffness

kN/mmkN/mm FFstatstat = 20 kN= 20 kNXXdyndyn = 5= 5μμm at 100Hzm at 100Hz

00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CCack

Dat

a

TemperatureTemperature 00°°CC 2020°°CC 4040°°CC

StuddedStuddedSile

nt T

ra

EVAEVAPadPad

620620 430430 240240

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Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise

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Secondary NoiseSecondary Noise

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmm

odel

ISVR

m

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmns

nt p

ositi

onas

urem

enM

e

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

Steel BridgeBA

)80

Modelled - steelSteel Bridge

Concrete Bridge

e Le

vel (

dB

70

Modelled steel

Pre

ssur

e

60

Soun

d

50

Modelled steel bridge component

Modelled – after

Frequency (Hz)

40500100 1000 2000 5000200

Modelled – steel bridge component

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholmas

teni

ngEx

istin

g F

E

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmN

/mm

SP –

20 k

Ndr

ol V

ipa

SPa

nd

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, Stockholm

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Arsta Bridge, StockholmArsta Bridge, StockholmB

A)

80e

Leve

l (dB

70Before

Pre

ssur

e

60After

Soun

d

50

Modelled – after

Frequency (Hz)

40500100 1000 2000 5000200

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Secondary NoiseSecondary NoiseArsta Bridge *, Arsta Bridge *, StockholmStockholm OpenOpen BearersBearers 1 1 dBAdBApa

SP

PandrolPandrolpp

Nidelv Bridge *,Nidelv Bridge *,TrondheimTrondheim ClosedClosed BearersBearers 55 dBAdBAan

drol

Vip

TrondheimTrondheimBrekke & StrandBrekke & Strand ClosedClosed PlatePlate 15 15 dBAdBA

Gavignot Bridge,Gavignot Bridge,ed w

ith P

a

g g ,g g ,ParisParisSNCFSNCF

Open Open PlatePlate 44--6 6 dBAdBAFitte

* New rail installed

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Summary (i)Summary (i)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

FrequencyFrequency LowLow HighHigh MediumMediumq yq y gg

ResearchResearch CONVURTCONVURT Silent TrackSilent Track ISVRISVR

EffectEffect 55--15 dB15 dB 00--3 dB3 dBAA 00--10 dB10 dBAA

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Summary (ii)Summary (ii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

Effect of Effect of AttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistributeAttenuateAttenuate

&&FastenerFastenerAttenuateAttenuate DistributeDistribute &&

DistributeDistribute

F tF tFastenerFastenerStiffnessStiffness

LOWLOW HIGHHIGH MEDIUMMEDIUM

RailRail TrackTrack RailRailRailRaildeflectiondeflection

TrackTrackdamagedamage

Rail Rail noisenoise

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Summary (iii)Summary (iii)GroundGroundBorne Borne AirborneAirborne

NoiseNoiseSecondarySecondary

NoiseNoiseVibrationVibration NoiseNoise NoiseNoise

PandrolPandrolFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPAFastenerFastener PANGUARDPANGUARD RAILPADRAILPAD VIPAVIPA

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E dE dEndEnd

Noise & vibration on high speed routes – effect of track

Simple mathematics

2 + 2 = ?

2 + 3 = ?

SourcesN

AmplitudeA

Power∝ N * A2

dB(A *100)

Change

1 1.000 1 40 -

1 1.414 2 43 + 3

1 2.000 4 46 + 6

1 3.162 10 50 + 10

2 1.000 2 43 + 3

4 1.000 4 46 + 6

1 dB difference: not noticeable

3 dB difference: just noticeable

10 dB difference: apparent doubling of strength

Traction

AerodynamicRolling

HIGH SPEED - NOISE

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains

D. J. Thompson et al: Application of component based approach to modelling the aerodynamic noise from high-speed trains (2010)

Rolling noise generation

D J Thompson & P-E Gautier: Review of research into wheel / rail rolling noise reduction (2006)

Rolling noise components – TWINS prediction

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

Noise spectrum vs speed

Belgium SNCB Brussels - Lille

A Wang & S J Cox: Effects of railpad stiffness on rail roughness growth and wayside noise levels on high speed track (2003)

350 km/hr

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Train Speed (km/h)

Sou

nd

pre

ssu

re d

B(A

)

Hard Soft

S J Cox & A Wang: Noise characteristics of high speed track with railpads of different stiffness (1998)

Wayside noise measurements vs speed and pad type

Rail roughness - high-speed trains

440 Hz @100 km/hr

v = f . λ

Rail roughness - high-speed trains

440 Hz @200 km/hr

440 Hz @400 km/hr

55 110 220 440 880 1760 3520 7040Frequency (Hz)

100 km/hr

200 km/hr

400 km/hr

0 200 400

Traction

Rolling

Aerodynamic

Speed

Noi

sePass-by air borne noise from high-speed trains

Speed range over which fastening system is influential

30 log10V

60 log10V ??

Pass-by noise from high-speed trains - recap

C Mellet et al: High Speed train noise emission:Latest investigation of the aerodynamic / rolling noise contribution (2006)

In-car noise on high-speed trains – effect of track form

Pandrol measurements: 2010

Rolling

HIGH SPEED - VIBRATION

St Pancras Station (2007)

CTRL London Terminus

Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed

130

135

140

145

150

150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330

Speed ( km/hr)

Acce

lera

tion

(m/s

2)

Report 41909: Belgian Homologation Tests on SNCB High Speed Line 2. Brussels to Koln, 2002

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of speed

Rail seat acceleration vs speed

Report 41500-2: Track Tests on AVE Line near Seville. March 1999.

Vibration from high-speed trains on ballast – effect of rail pad

Rail seat acceleration vs pad

Rail

Sleeper

Hard pad

Soft pad

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

Rail vertical Rail lateral Railseat vertical Slab/sleepercentre vertical

Slab/sleepercentre lateral

Vibr

atio

n ve

loci

ty d

B(A

) ref

5E-

8m/s

PDL (250km/h) slab PDL (250km/h) ballasted

Vibration from high-speed trains – effect of track form

IWRN10 (2010): Slab Track Vibration and Wayside Noise in a High Speed Rail Tunnel (A. Wang, Y. Xi, et al)