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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
黃敏銓
基醫大樓6樓 0646室mchuang@ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw
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MUSCLE TISSUE
Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue 骨骼肌Cardiac muscle tissue 心肌Smooth muscle tissue 平滑肌
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producing body movementsstabilizing body positionsstoring and moving substances within the bodyproducing heat
Functions of Muscle Tissue
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Electrical excitability triggered by neurotransmitter (神經傳遞物質), hormone, pH
Contractility generating force
Extensibility can be stretched
Elasticity return to the original shape4
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Fascia: superficial fascia and deep fascia
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
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Tendon: a cord of dense regular connective tissue
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Tendon
- Epimysium肌外膜: total muscle- Perimysium肌束膜: muscle fiber bundle (fascicle肌束)- Endomysium肌內膜: individual muscle fiber
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腓腸肌
Achilles tendon
Tendon (肌腱): a cord of dense regular connective tissue
Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)
Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon
Frontalis
Galea aponeurotica
Occipitalis
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Aponeurosis (腱膜) ─ a sheet-like tendon
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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)─ tubes of fibrous connective tissue
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Tendon (synovial) sheath (滑液囊)
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Nucleus
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Filaments and sarcomere
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Striation of skeletal muscle: A bands and I bands
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Structure of thick and thin filaments
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Neuromuscular junction:synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
muscle fiber
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Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction
Motor unit
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Types of skeletal muscle fibersHow rapidly the ATPase in its myosin heads hydrolyzes ATP
Slow fibers:Fiber diameter : smallestMyoglobin : large amountColor : redATP generation : high capacity by aerobicRate of ATP use: slowContraction : slowLocation : postural muscles such as those of the neck
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Cardiac muscle tissue
Intercalated discs- gap junction- desmosome
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Smooth muscle tissue
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue- walls of large arteries - arrector pili muscles (豎毛肌)- iris (虹彩)- ciliary muscles (睫狀肌) 21
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SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE- striated (橫紋) muscle- voluntary (隨意) muscle
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Attachment of muscle
Origin : muscle attached to the bone that does not move proximal
Insertion : muscle attached to the move end distal
belly (肌腹) widest part of the muscle
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Lever systems and muscle actions
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Individual and group actions of musclesA. Agonist 主動肌
prime mover; is responsible for producing a movement
B. Antagonist 拮抗肌opposes the movement of a prime mover
C. Synergist 協同肌work together with a prime mover
D. Fixator固定肌: postural muscleprovides a stable base for the action of a prime mover
Arrangement of fascicles
(多羽狀)
(雙羽狀)
(環狀)
(條帶狀)
(紡綞狀)
(單羽狀) 28
Nomenclature
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1. DirectionRectus (直肌), Transverse (橫肌) , Oblique (斜肌)
2. Size Maximus (大肌); Minimus (小肌); Longus (長肌); Brevis (短肌)
3. Shape Deltoid , Rhomboid , Serratus
4. ActionExtensor (伸肌); Flexor (屈肌)
5. Number of origins Biceps brachii (肱二頭肌) 2 heads; Triceps brachii 3 heads
6. Location Supraspinatus (棘上肌); Infraspinatus (棘下肌)
7. Attachment sitesSternohyoid (胸骨舌骨肌)
Orbicularis oculi vs. Levator palperbrae superioris
閉眼
張眼
提上眼瞼肌
眼輪匝肌
Orbicularis oculi
Levator palpebraesuperioris
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皺眉頭
Corrugator supercilii─眉下壓、垂直皺紋
皺眉肌
Corrugator supercilii
Frontalis (額肌)─眉上提、水平皺紋
Frontalis(額肌)
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Orbicularis oris (口輪匝肌) ─閉口
Orbicularis oris(口輪匝肌)
Muscles open the mouth
(降下唇肌)
(提上唇肌)
笑肌顴大肌
(頦肌)
張口
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Buccinator (頰肌)-major muscular portion of the cheek
WhistlingBlowingSucking
Buccinator (頰肌)
咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)─ the muscles that move the mandible
• Masseter• Temporalis• Medial pterygoid• Lateral pterygoid
關閉下顎
下顎左右移動
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Masseter (嚼肌)最大力量的咀嚼肌 (muscles of mastication)
(顳肌)
(嚼肌)
Masseter
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Medial pterygoid翼內側肌Lateral pterygoid翼外側肌 下顎左右移動
翼內肌
翼外肌
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Platysma (頸闊肌) ─下頷骨下拉
頸闊肌Platysma (頸闊肌)
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Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball─快速收縮與精確控制
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Muscles that move the tongue
莖舌肌
頦舌肌
顎舌肌
舌骨舌肌
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Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)
頭部轉動43
Sternocleidomastoid (胸鎖乳突肌)
Sternocleidomastoid(胸鎖乳突肌)
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Muscles of the male anterolateral abdominal wall
腹直肌
腹橫肌腹外斜肌
腹內斜肌
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Internal oblique腹內斜肌
Cremaster muscle(提睪肌)
Cremaster muscle(提睪肌)
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Muscles for breathingMuscles for breathing
Aortic hiatus, Esophageal hiatus, Inferior vena cava
橫膈
內肋間肌
外肋間肌
External anal sphinctor(肛門外括約肌)
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Triangles of perineum─ Urogenital triangle─ Anal triangle
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Pelvic diaphragm─ levator ani 提肛肌: pubococcygeus (恥尾肌), iliococcygeus (髂尾肌)─ coccygeus 尾骨肌─ fascia covering internal and external surfaces
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尾骨肌
Superficial muscles of urogenital triangle─ ischiocavernosus (坐骨海綿體肌)─ bulbospongiosis (球海綿體肌)─ superficial transverse perineus(會陰淺橫肌)
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Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: anterior thoracic muscles
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(胸小肌)
(前鋸肌)(boxer’s muscle)
(鎖骨下肌)
肩胛骨下拉
肩胛骨外旋
鎖骨下壓
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle: posterior thoracic muscles
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肩胛骨上舉、下拉、旋轉
(斜方肌)
肩胛骨上提、內收、旋轉(大菱形肌)
(提肩胛肌)
(小菱形肌)
Axial muscles that move the humerus (Arm)
Pectoralis major (胸大肌):上臂內收、內旋Latissimus dorsi (闊背肌): 上臂後伸、內旋
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(胸大肌)
(闊背肌)
Scapular muscles that move the humerus (Arm)
(闊背肌)Swimmer’s muscle
三角肌
喙肱肌內收
上提
棘上肌
棘下肌
小圓肌
大圓肌
Subscapularis肩胛下肌
Rotator cuff
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Subscapularis肩胛下肌
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Muscles that move the radius and ulna (forearm)
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肱二頭肌 肱三頭肌
肱橈肌 (brachioradialis) 掌長肌 (palmaris longus)
橈側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi radialis)側屈腕肌 (flexor carpi ulnaris)
屈腕
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橈側伸腕長肌(extensor carpiradialis longus)
尺側伸腕肌(extensor carpiulnaris)
伸指肌(extensordigitorum)
伸腕
Muscles that move the vertebral column
豎脊肌
Erector spinae:
iliocostalis (外)
longismus (中)
spinalis (內)
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Muscles that move thigh and leg
股外側肌
股中間肌股內側肌
股直肌
股四頭肌:
內收長肌(adductor longus)
內收大肌(adductor magnus)
股薄肌 (Gracilis)
伸小腿屈大腿 內收大腿
Anterior superficial view
Anterior (extensor)compartment Medial
compartment
恥骨肌 (pectineus)
Sartorius縫匠肌─最長的肌肉
屈大腿外旋髖關節 Sartorius
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Muscles that move thigh and leg
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臀大肌
坐骨神經
股二頭肌 (biceps femoris)半腱肌 (semitendinosus)
半膜肌 (semimembranosus)
屈小腿伸大腿
Posterior superficial view
Posterior (flexor)compartment
Gluteusmaximus
伸展大腿大腿外旋
Muscles that move the foot and toes
脛骨前肌
腓長肌
腓短肌
足掌背屈
Lateral compartment
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Tibialis anterior
足掌外翻
足掌外翻
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Muscles that move the foot and toes
Gastrocnemius (腓腸肌)
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(腓腸肌) (比目魚肌)
Soleus(比目魚肌)
Achilles tendon
足掌下壓
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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