EEn.1.1 Explain the Earth’s role as a body in space. EEn.1...

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EEn.1.1.1ExplaintheoriginoftheEarthsmotionbasedontheoriginofthegalaxyanditssolarsystem.

ExplainPrecessionchangeindirectionoftheaxis,butwithoutanychangeintiltthischangesthestarsnear(ornotnear)thePole,butdoesnotaffecttheseasons(aslongastheangleof23.5degreesstaysthesame)

Explainnutationwobblingaroundtheprecessionalaxis(Thisisachangeintheangledegreeonewayortheother.Thisoccursoveran18yearperiodandisduetotheMoonexclusively.Thiswouldveryslightlyincreaseordecreasetheamountofseasonaleffects.)

EEn.1.1ExplaintheEarthsroleasabodyinspace.EEn.1.1.1ExplaintheEarthsmotionthroughspace,includingprecession,nutation,thebarycenter,anditspathaboutthegalaxy.

Explainplanetaryorbits,especiallythatoftheEarth,usingKeplerslaws.

Explainbarycenterthepointbetweentwoobjectswheretheybalanceeachother(Forexample,itisthecenterofmasswheretwoormorecelestialbodiesorbiteachother.Whenamoonorbitsaplanet,oraplanetorbitsastar,bothbodiesareactuallyorbitingaroundapointthatliesoutsidethecenteroftheprimary(thelargerbody).Forexample,themoondoesnotorbittheexactcenteroftheEarth,butapointonalinebetweentheEarthandtheMoonapproximately1,710kmbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth,wheretheirrespectivemassesbalance.ThisisthepointaboutwhichtheEarthandMoonorbitastheytravelaroundtheSun.

ExplainrelativemotionoftheEarthinthesolarsystem,thesolarsysteminthegalaxy,andthegalaxyintheuniverseincludingtheexpandingnatureoftheuniverseOrbitalmotion(EartharoundtheSunonce/year,seasonsdependuponanapproximate23.5degreetilt)Rotationaroundouraxis(day/night,)

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EEn.1.1.2ExplainhowtheEarthsrotationandrevolutionabouttheSunaffectitsshapeandisrelatedtoseasonsandtides.Describedailychangesduetorotation,seasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,andtidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

DevelopacauseandeffectmodelfortheshapeoftheEarthexplainingwhythecircumferencearoundtheequatorislargerthanthataroundthepoles.

EEn.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.EEn.1.1.3Comparecombustionandnuclearreactions(fusionandfission)onaconceptuallevel.Identifyfusionastheprocessthatproducesradiantenergyofstars.Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).SummarizehowenergyflowsfromthesuntotheEarththroughspace.

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowincomingsolarenergymakeslifepossibleonEarth.

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowthetiltoftheEarthsaxisresultsinseasonsduetotheamountofsolarenergyimpactingtheEarthssurface.

Explaindifferentialheatingoftheearthssurface(watertemperaturevs.landtemperature)

Explainhowsolarenergyistransformedintochemicalenergythroughphotosynthesis.

Explainhowtheearthsmagneticfieldprotectstheplanetfromtheharmfuleffectsofradiation.

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ExplaintheoriginoftheEarthsmotionbasedontheoriginofthegalaxyanditssolarsystem

1.Nutation2.Precession3.Rotation

christophercrockett.com

MovementOftheEarth'sAxis

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JamesBradleyannouncedhisdiscoveryofnutationin1748.Nutationis,inastronomy,asmallirregularityintheprecessionoftheequinoxes.

NutationExplainnutationwobblingaroundtheprecessionalaxis(Thisisachangeintheangledegreeonewayortheother.Thisoccursoveran18yearperiodandisduetotheMoonexclusively.Thiswouldveryslightlyincreaseordecreasetheamountofseasonaleffects.)

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Nutation~isarocking,swaying,ornoddingmotionintheEarthsaxisofrotation~InthecaseofEarth,theprincipalsourcesoftidalforcearetheSunandMoonwhichcontinuouslychangelocationrelativetoeachotherandthuscausenutationinEarth'saxis~ThelargestcomponentofEarth'snutationhasaperiodof18.6years,

wobblingaroundtheprecessionalaxis(Thisisachangeintheangledegreeonewayortheother.Thisoccursoveran18yearperiodandisduetotheMoonexclusively.Thiswouldveryslightlyincreaseordecreasetheamountofseasonaleffects.)

Explainnutationwobblingaroundtheprecessionalaxis

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PrecessionchangeindirectionoftheEarth'saxis,butwithoutanychangeintiltthischangesthestarsnear(ornotnear)thePole,butdoesnotaffecttheseasons(aslongastheangleof23.5degreesstaysthesame)

britannica.com

Precession

iscausedbythegravitationalpulloftheSunandtheMoonontheEarth.0ftheEarth'sAxixs

oftheaxis

ExplainPrecessionchangeindirectionoftheaxis,butwithoutanychangeintiltthischangesthestarsnear(ornotnear)thePole,butdoesnotaffecttheseasons(aslongastheangleof23.5degreesstaysthesame)

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ExplainPrecessionchangeindirectionoftheaxis,butwithoutanychangeintiltthischangesthestarsnear(ornotnear)thePole,butdoesnotaffecttheseasons(aslongastheangleof23.5degreesstaysthesame)

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ExplainPrecessionchangeindirectionoftheaxis,butwithoutanychangeintiltthischangesthestarsnear(ornotnear)thePole,butdoesnotaffecttheseasons(aslongastheangleof23.5degreesstaysthesame)

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RotationoftheEarth'sAxisEarthSpinninginSpaceonitsAxis

Spinscounterclockwise

http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/NorthStar/Unit3/unit3_sub1.htm

Speed1675km/hor465meters/second.Thats1,040miles/hour.

:http://www.universetoday.com/26623/howfastdoestheearthrotate/#ixzz2tJQy04bk

Wanttodothecalculationforyourself?Theattheequatoris40,075km.AndthelengthoftimetheEarthtakestocompleteonefullturnonitsaxisis23.93hours.Thenwedividethelengthofadayintothedistanceapointontheequatortravelsinthatperiod:40,075km/23.93hours=1,675km/hour,465meters/second.

Causesnightandday

Describedailychangesduetorotation,

http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/northstar/unit3/unit3_sub1.htm

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SolarDaysandSiderealDaysSolartimeismeasuredwithrespecttotheSun'sapparentmotioninthesky.Theclocksweusearebasedonthismotion.TheapparentmotionoftheSunacrosstheskyisactuallycausedbytherotationoftheEarth.OurclocksmeasurethelengthoftimerequiredfortheEarthtorotateoncewithrespecttotheSun.Fromourperspective,theSunrevolvesaroundtheEarthevery24hours.Thisperiodisknownasasolarday.Siderealtimeismeasuredwithrespecttotheapparentmotionofthe'fixed'starsintheskyduetotheEarth'srotation.WhiletheEarthisrotatingonitsaxisitisalsomovingalongitsorbitaroundtheSun.OverthecourseofadaytheEarthmovesaboutonedegreealongitsorbit(360degreesinafullorbitdividedby365.25daysinayearisaboutonedegree).Therefore,fromourperspective,theSunmovesaboutonedegreefromwesttoeastwithrespecttothe'fixed'stars.Allofthismeansthataccordingtoourclocks,whicharebasedonsolartime,agivenstarwillriseorsetaboutfourminutesearliereachday(theEarthrotates15degreesinonehour,i.e.360/24,soonedegreeofrotationisequivalenttoaboutfourminutesoftime).Forexample,astarthatrisesat9:00pm(21:00)tonightwillriseat8:56pm(20:56)tomorrowandat8:52pm(20:52)thenextnight.Onemonthlaterthatstarwillriseorsettwohoursearlier.Inotherwords,fromourperspective,thestarsrevolvearoundtheEarthinonly23hoursand56minutes.Thisperiodisknownasasiderealday.

http://community.dur.ac.uk/john.lucey/users/e2_solsid.html

SiderealTimeAstronomersmakeuseofthesiderealday,whichisthetimerequiredfortheEarthtomakeonecompleterotation(360)withrespecttothestars.The"day"thatisusedineverydaylifeisthesolarday,whichis(approximately)thetimefromwhentheSunishighestintheskytowhenitisagainhighestinthesky.BecausetheEarthmovesaroundtheSunasitrotates,inonesolardaytheEarthmustrotatethroughabout361.Asolardayisabout4minuteslongerthanasiderealday.

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/universe7e/content/ch02/0203003.html

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/timekeeping.html

Describedailychangesduetorotation,

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Describedailychangesduetorotation,

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Moon'sRotationAroundtheEarth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZIB_leg75Q

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozib_leg75q

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Tides

Changesintheelevationoftheoceansurface

Forcethatmovestheocean

SunandMoon'sgravitycausestidesonEarth

*GravitationalforcebetweenEarthandMoonandSun

Every6hourstimeoceansriseandfall.

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

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EffecttheMoon'sRotationhasonEarth'sTides

ThetidesatagivenplaceintheEarth'soceansoccuraboutanhourlatereachday.SincetheMoonpassesoverheadaboutanhourlatereachday,itwaslongsuspectedthattheMoonwasassociatedwithtides.Newton'sLawofGravitationprovidedaquantitativeunderstandingofthatassociation

http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/motion/tides2.htm

ReadArticleandTakeQuiz

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/motion/tides2.htm

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ThemoonisamajorinfluenceontheEarthstides,butthesunalsogeneratesconsiderabletidalforces.Solartidesareabouthalfaslargeaslunartidesandareexpressedasavariationoflunartidalpatterns,notasaseparatesetoftides.

Whenthesun,moon,andEarthareinalignment(atthetimeoftheneworfullmoon),thesolartidehasanadditiveeffectonthelunartide,creatingextrahighhightides,andverylow,lowtidesbothcommonlycalledspringtides.

****Springtidesarenotnamedfromtheseasonbutfrom"springforward")Thisoccurstwiceeachmonth,whenthemoonisfullandnew.

Atthefirstquartermoon~1weekafternewmoonandthirdquartermoon~1weekafterthefullmoon,thesunandmoonareata45angletoeachotherandthesolartidepartiallycancelsoutthelunartideandproducesmoderatetidesknownasneaptides.

Duringeachlunarmonth,twosetsofspringtidesandtwosetsofneaptidesoccur(Sumich,J.L.,1996).

Tides

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/tides06_variations.html

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/tides06_variations.html

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csep10.phys.utk.edu

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide

DescribethetidalimpactduetothegravitationalinteractionbetweentheEarthandmoon.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tide

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Inthisdiagram,youcanseethatthemoon'sgravitationalforcepullsonwaterintheoceanssothatthereare"bulges"intheoceanonbothsidesoftheplanet.Themoonpullswatertowardit,andthiscausesthebulgetowardthemoon.ThebulgeonthesideoftheEarthoppositethemooniscausedbythemoon"pullingtheEarthaway"fromthewateronthatside.Ifyouareonthecoastandthemoonisdirectlyoverhead,youshouldexperienceahightide.Ifthemoonisdirectlyoverheadontheoppositesideoftheplanet,youshouldalsoexperienceahightide.Duringtheday,theEarthrotates180degreesin12hours.Themoon,meanwhile,rotates6degreesaroundtheearthin12hours.Thetwinbulgesandthemoon'srotationmeanthatanygivencoastalcityexperiencesahightideevery12hoursand25minutesorso.

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itisthecenterofmasswheretwoormorecelestialbodiesorbiteachother.Whenamoonorbitsaplanet,oraplanetorbitsastar,bothbodiesareactuallyorbitingaroundapointthatisnotatthecenteroftheprimary(thelargerbody).Forexample,theMoondoesnotorbittheexactcenteroftheEarth,butapointonalinebetweenthecenteroftheEarthandtheMoon,approximately1,710kmbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth,wheretheirrespectivemassesbalance.ThisisthepointaboutwhichtheEarthandMoonorbitastheytravelaroundthesun

Barycenter

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGBANgbRkws

Theexactcenterofallthematerial(thatis,mass)thatmakesupanobjectwhetheraplanetorapenciliscalledits"centerofgravity."

Explainbarycenterthepointbetweentwoobjectswheretheybalanceeachother(Forexample,itisthecenterofmasswheretwoormorecelestialbodiesorbiteachother.Whenamoonorbitsaplanet,oraplanetorbitsastar,bothbodiesareactuallyorbitingaroundapointthatliesoutsidethecenteroftheprimary(thelargerbody).Forexample,themoondoesnotorbittheexactcenteroftheEarth,butapointonalinebetweentheEarthandtheMoonapproximately1,710kmbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth,wheretheirrespectivemassesbalance.ThisisthepointaboutwhichtheEarthandMoonorbitastheytravelaroundtheSun.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugbangbrkws

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TheEarthMoonBarycenter

http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/barycenteroftheearthmoonsystem/

thepointbetweentwoobjectswheretheybalanceeachotherastheyorbiteachother

Explainbarycenterthepointbetweentwoobjectswheretheybalanceeachother

http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/barycenter-of-the-earth-moon-system/

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SunEarthMoonBarycenter

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W47Wa7onrIQ

Explainbarycenterthepointbetweentwoobjectswheretheybalanceeachother

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w47wa7onriq

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SummarizethattheSunisnotstationaryinoursolarsystem.Itactuallymovesastheplanetstugonit,causingittoorbitthesolarsystem'sbarycenter.TheSunneverstraystoofarfromthesolarsystembarycenter.

ThesetimeperiodsrelatetothemotionoftheSunaroundthecentreofmassofthesolarsystem.Heresaplotofthemotionsoyoucangetanideaofwhatthisisabout.

Thisiscausedbythechangingpositionsoftheplanetsastheyorbit,pullingtheSunaroundthecentreofmassorsolarsystembarycentre.

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SummarizethattheSunisnotstationaryinoursolarsystem

.Itactuallym

ovesastheplanetstugonit,causingittoorbitthesolarsystem'sbarycenter.

TheSunneverstraystoofarfrom

thesolarsystembarycenter.

ImageC

ourteseyofCarstenAnholman

dGeoffSharp

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Orbitalmotion(EartharoundtheSunonce/year,seasonsdependuponanapproximate23.5degreetilt)

Revolution

EarthRevolvingAroundtheSunSpeed:67,062milesperhour

Howfastdoesearthmovearoundthesun?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48cKCKnJ7jA

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/timekeeping.html

Time:365.25days~1year

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.html

ReasonfortheSeasonsEarthhasseasonsbecauseitsaxisdoesn'tstandupstraight. (23.5degreetilt)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48ckcknj7jahttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/timekeeping.htmlhttp://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.html

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Revolu

tion

nationsonline.org

WinterSolstice

Axisistiltedawayfromsun

VernalEquinox

Axisisnottiltedtowardthesun

12hoursofdaylightanddarknessonentireplanet

WinterinNorthernHemisphere

SummerSolsticeNorthernaxisistiltedtowardthesunSummerinNorthernHemisphere

AutumnalEquinox

Revolution

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

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http://aspire.cosmicray.org/Labs/Tides/critical_speed.html

DosimulatorAnswerQueswtionsonSeparatePaper

http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/2009/12/tilts_big.jpg

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/tides/critical_speed.htmlhttp://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/tilts_big.jpg

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Revolutionhttp://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.html

Equinoxes~Equaltime

~markthebeginningofspringandfall.

http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php

Solstices~Longestdayandlongestnightmarkthebeginningofsummerandwinter.

12hoursofdaylightanddarknessonentireplanet

March21stSeptember21st

June21stDecember21st

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.htmlhttp://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/earthseasons.php

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FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anequinoxoccurstwiceayear(around20Marchand22September),whentheplaneofEarth'sequatorpassesthecenteroftheSun.AtthistimethetiltoftheEarth'saxisisinclinedneitherawayfromnortowardstheSun.Thetermequinoxcanalsobeusedinabroadersense,meaningthedatewhensuchapassagehappens.Thename"equinox"isderivedfromtheLatinaequus(equal)andnox(night),becausearoundtheequinox,nightanddayareaboutequallength.

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

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DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

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Kepler'sLawsUsingtheextensivecollectionofplanetarypositionsmeasuredbyTychoBraheoverseveraldecades,~Keplerwasabletodistillthesethousandsofobservationsto3LawsofPlanetaryMotion.~ThefirstLawsaysthattheorbitsofplanetsaroundtheSunareellipitcalinshape,NOTcircular(orcirclewithepicyclesandothersuchnonsense.)~ThesecondLawisshowngraphicallyinthenextviewgraph.ThisLawisjustastatementsoftheconservationofangularmomentum,butKeplerdidnotknowaboutthisconcept.~ThethirdLawisaquantitativerelationshipbetweentheorbitalperiod(timeforabodytoorbitSunonce)andthesizeoftheorbitofthebody(expressedasthesemimajoraxisaoftheorbit).~NotethattheseLawswereexpressedbyKepleraround400yearsago!!~Keplerdidnotunderstandthephysicsbehindhislaws,but(somehow!)~wasabletoseethesimplebasicpatternsthatcouldaccountfortheobservationsofplanetarypositions.~Ofcourse,theplanetarypositionsaremeasuredfromtheEarth,whichisalsomoving!~Certainlythisisoneofthemoststunningintellectualacheivementsofmankind.

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Explainplanetaryorbits,especiallythatoftheEarth,usingKeplerslaws.

Kepler'sLaws.

ExplainrelativemotionoftheEarthinthesolarsystem,thesolarsysteminthegalaxy,andthegalaxyintheuniverseincludingtheexpandingnatureoftheuniverseOrbitalmotion

Kepler'sLaws

JohannesKepler,workingwithdatapainstakinglycollectedbyTychoBrahewithouttheaidofatelescope,developedthreelawswhichdescribedthemotionoftheplanetsacrossthesky.

1.TheLawofOrbits:Allplanetsmoveinellipticalorbits,withthesunatonefocus.

2.TheLawofAreas:Alinethatconnectsaplanettothesunsweepsoutequalareasinequaltimes.

3.TheLawofPeriods:Thesquareoftheperiodofanyplanetisproportionaltothecubeofthesemimajoraxisofitsorbit.Kepler'slawswerederivedfororbitsaroundthesun,buttheyapplytosatelliteorbitsaswell.

SMART Notebook

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FirstLaw:TheLawofOrbits:

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2.TheLawofAreas:

3.TheLawofPeriods:

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FirstLaw:TheLawofOrbits:

KeplersfirstlawofplanetarymotionisthateachplanetorbitstheSuninanellipse.TheSunisatoneofthefocioftheellipse,NOTatthecenteroftheellipse

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FirstLaw:TheLawofOrbits:

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PlanetsmoveinellipticalorbitswiththeSunnotatthecenteroftheellipse,butatonefocus(theotherfocusisempty).Itsadeceptivelysimplelawthattookastonishinginsightandfiveyearsofhardwork.

Kepler'sFirstLaw

http://oneminuteastronomer.com/8626/keplerslaws/

FirstLaw:TheLawofOrbits:

http://oneminuteastronomer.com/8626/keplers-laws/

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http://www.mathopenref.com/constellipse1.html

Drawanellipsewithstring

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=earth's%20eccentricity&safe=active&sa=X&biw=1024&bih=557&tbm=isch&tbnid=YxEAlfeZiLgdpM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soes.soton.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fejr%2FDarkMed%2Fch5.html&docid=Lzq1XiceQi7VM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soes.soton.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fejr%2FDarkMed%2F6precession.jpg&w=1027&h=755&ei=kWsCU_HfMcufkQe3joHQDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1547&page=3&start=20&ndsp=12&ved=0CK4BEK0DMBw

FirstLaw:TheLawofOrbits:

http://www.mathopenref.com/constellipse1.htmlhttp://www.google.com/imgres?q=earth's%20eccentricity&safe=active&sa=x&biw=1024&bih=557&tbm=isch&tbnid=yxealfezilgdpm%3a&imgrefurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.soes.soton.ac.uk%2fstaff%2fejr%2fdarkmed%2fch5.html&docid=lzq1xiceqi7-vm&imgurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.soes.soton.ac.uk%2fstaff%2fejr%2fdarkmed%2f6-precession.jpg&w=1027&h=755&ei=kwscu_hfmcufkqe3johqdq&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1547&page=3&start=20&ndsp=12&ved=0ck4bek0dmbw

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Kepler's

Kepler's

Second

Law

SecondLaw

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Kepler'ssecondlawofplanetarymotiondescribesthespeedofaplanettravelinginanellipticalorbitaroundthesun.Itstatesthatalinebetweenthesunandtheplanetsweepsequalareasinequaltimes.Thus,thespeedoftheplanetincreasesasitnearsthesunanddecreasesasitrecedesfromthesun.

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KeplersSecondLaw~Aplanet'sdistancefromtheSunchangesduringanorbit.~KeplernoticedthatplanetsseemedtospeedupintheirorbitswhentheyareclosertotheSunandslowdownwhentheyrefurtheraway.Keplerhadtoquantifythismotion,anddidsobystatingthat~alinejoiningaplanetandtheSunsweepsoutequalareasduringequalintervalsoftime.

Keplers2ndLaw:ThelinefromtheSuntoaplanetsweepsoutequalareasinequaltimes.Whocares,youmightask?Wellthisdoesntaffectyoureverydaylifeandenjoymentofthenightsky,butKeplers2ndLawisa)Criticalforpredictingwherewecanseeplanetsinthesky,b)Adirectconsequenceofthegreatuniversallawofconservationofenergy.AsaplanetgetsclosertotheSun,ithaslesspotentialenergyandmorekineticenergy,andasitmovesawayfromtheSun,ithastheopposite.Withoutthislaw,wedstillbescratchingourheadaboutwhereandwhentheplanetsappearinthenightsky.

2.TheLawofAreas:

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Kepler'ssecondlawofplanetarymotiondescribesthespeedofaplanettravelinginanellipticalorbitaroundthesun.Itstatesthatalinebetweenthesunandtheplanetsweepsequalareasinequaltimes.Thus,thespeedoftheplanetincreasesasitnearsthesunanddecreasesasitrecedesfromthesun.

2.TheLawofAreas:

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Kepler'ssecondlawrelatesthespeedofaplanet'sorbittoitsdistancefromtheSun.

AplanethasthemostgravitationalpotentialenergyandtheleastkineticenergywhenitisfarthestfromtheSun.IthastheleastgravitationalpotentialenergyandthemostkineticenergywhenitisclosesttotheSun.

Theorbitisacontinuousconversionofthetwotypesofenergy.

2.TheLawofAreas:

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hildaandtrojanasteroids.net

Keplerssecondlaw(the"equalarea"law)statesthattheareasweptoutbythelinebetweenplanetandSunisequalforequaltime.TheplanetwouldtakethesameamountofTIMEtogofromAtoBasfromBtoC,etc.Forexample,theareaofthecrosshatchedregionbetweenpointsA,BandSunwouldbeequaltothecrosshatchedareabetweenpointH,IandtheSun.AsthedistancebetweenAandBalongtheorbitislargerthanthedistancebetweenHandIalongtheorbit,butthetimethesame,theplanetmustmovefasterbetweenAandBthanbetweenHandI.

2.TheLawofAreas:

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2.TheLawofAreas:

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2.TheLawofAreas:

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Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLawKepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLawKepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

Kepler'sThirdLaw

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Kepler'sthirdlawsometimesreferredtoasthelawofharmoniescomparestheorbitalperiodandradiusoforbitofaplanettothoseofotherplanets.

UnlikeKepler'sfirstandsecondlawsthatdescribethemotioncharacteristicsofasingleplanet,thethirdlawmakesacomparisonbetweenthemotioncharacteristicsofdifferentplanets.

Thecomparisonbeingmadeisthattheratioofthesquaresoftheperiodstothecubesoftheiraveragedistancesfromthesunisthesameforeveryoneoftheplanets.

Asanillustration,considertheorbitalperiodandaveragedistancefromsun(orbitalradius)forEarthandmarsasgiveninthetablebelow.

3.TheLawofPeriods:

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3.TheLawofPeriods:

a=averagedistanceoftheplanettothesunp=timeperiodoftheorbit

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spaceodyssey.dmns.org/media/3304/keplerslawsofplan

Kepler's3rdlawisamathematicalformula.Itmeansthatifyouknowtheperiodofaplanet'sorbit(P=howlongittakestheplanettogoaroundtheSun),thenyoucandeterminethatplanet'sdistancefromtheSun(a=thesemimajoraxisoftheplanet'sorbit).ItalsotellsusthatplanetsthatarefarawayfromtheSunhavelongerperiodsthanthoseclosetotheSun.TheymovemoreslowlyaroundtheSun.

comparestheorbitalperiodandradiusoforbitofaplanettothoseofotherplanets.UnlikeKepler'sfirstandsecondlawsthatdescribethemotioncharacteristicsofasingleplanet,thethirdlawmakesacomparisonbetweenthemotioncharacteristicsofdifferentplanets.Thecomparisonbeingmadeisthattheratioofthesquaresoftheperiodstothecubesoftheiraveragedistancesfromthesunisthesameforeveryoneoftheplanets.Asanillustration,considertheorbitalperiodandaveragedistancefromsun(orbitalradius)forEarthandmarsasgiveninthetablebelow.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRT3m2Wzyh4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drt3m2wzyh4

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Planet Period(yr) Ave.Dist.(au) T2/R3(yr2/au3)

Mercury 0.241 0.39 0.98

Venus .615 0.72 1.01

Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00

Mars 1.88 1.52 1.01

Jupiter 11.8 5.20 0.99

Saturn 29.5 9.54 1.00

Uranus 84.0 19.18 1.00

Neptune 165 30.06 1.00

Pluto 248 39.44 1.00

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/u6l4a.cfm

3.TheL

awofPe

riods: ObservethattheT2/R3ratioisthesameforEarthasitisformars.

Infact,ifthesameT2/R3ratioiscomputedfortheotherplanets,itcanbefoundthatthisratioisnearlythesamevalueforalltheplanets(seetablebelow).Amazingly,everyplanethasthesameT2/R3ratio.

3.TheLawofPeriods:

(NOTE:Theaveragedistancevalueisgiveninastronomicalunitswhere1a.u.isequaltothedistancefromtheearthtothesun1.4957x1011m.Theorbitalperiodisgiveninunitsofearthyearswhere1earthyearisthetimerequiredfortheearthtoorbitthe

sun3.156x107seconds.)

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/u6l4a.cfm

53

EEn.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

54

En.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

EEn.1.1.3Comparecombustionandnuclearreactions(fusionandfission)onaconceptuallevel.Identifyfusionastheprocessthatproducesradiantenergyofstars.Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomeare

55

http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun2.htm

How the Sun Works

En.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

http://www.youtube.com

/watch?v=32K

VGQy3bM

Y

http://www.northlandprep.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/the_sun_worksheet.pdf

http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun2.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32kvgqy3bmyhttp://www.northlandprep.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/the_sun_worksheet.pdf

56

HowdoestheSunproduceenergy?TheSunproducesenergybythenuclearfusionofhydrogenintoheliuminitscore.

Whatthatmeansisthat,sincethereisahugeamountofhydrogeninthecore,theseatomssticktogetherandfuseintoaheliumatom.Thisenergyisthenradiatedoutfromthecoreandmovesacrossthesolarsystem.

Readmore:http://www.universetoday.com/75803/howdoesthesunproduceenergy/#ixzz2tlJKpBjb

EEn.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

57

WhatisRadiation?

http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/whatisradiation.html

http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/spaceenvironment/2whatiselectromagneticradiation.html

http://radbelts.gsfc.nasa.gov/outreach/space_radiation.html

Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).

http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/whatisradiation.htmlhttp://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/2-what-is-electromagnetic-radiation.htmlhttp://radbelts.gsfc.nasa.gov/outreach/space_radiation.html

58

Theword'radiation'hastodowithenergymovingthroughspace.

Therearemanyformsofradiationthatastronomersandphysicistsknowabout

WhatisRadiation?Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).

E

Energytravelingintheformofvibrations~waves

59

TransverseWaves

Themovementofthematter'sparticlesareperpendiculartothemotionofthewave (upanddown)

waterwaves,electromagneticwaves

Themediummovesatrightanglestothedirectionthewavetravels

***Electromagneticwavesdonotneedamediumtotravel

ElectromagneticWaves

60

Thediagramillustratesthemotionofatransversewave.Lightwavesareexamplesoftransversewaves:theyundulateatrightanglestothedirectionoftravelandarecharacterizedbyalternatingcrestsandtroughs.Simplewaterwaves,suchastheripplesproducedwhenastoneisdroppedintoapond,arealsoexamplesoftransversewaves.(ImageRM)Image2of2

TransverseWaves

Themovementofthematter'sparticlesareperpendiculartothemotionofthewave

ElectromagneticWaves movement=

http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006049.html

http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006049.html

61

LongitudinalWaves

Wave MovementTransverse

Themovementofthematter'sparticlesareperpendiculartothemotionofthewave

particlesvibrateinthesamedirectionasorparalleltothewave

water,electromagnetic Soundandseismicwaves

Thediagramillustratesthemotionofalongitudinalwave.Sound,forexample,travelsthroughairinlongitudinalwaves:thewavesvibratebackandforthinthedirectionoftravel.Inthecompressionstheparticlesarepushedtogether,andintherarefactionstheyarepulledapart.(ImageRM)Image1of2

62

D.ElectromagneticWavesTransverseWaves

Producedbyelectricallychargedparticles

calledphotonswavesradiatefromphotonsdonotneedamediumtotravelthrough

havefluctuatingmagneticandelectricfields

perpendiculartoeachotherandperpendiculartothedirectionthelighttravels

/www.geo.mtu.edu/rs/back/spectrum/

1.Description

cantravelthroughavaccum

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=electromagnetic+waves&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=n&biw=1280&bih=619&tbm=isch&tbnid=blydvkwr6t5xfm:&imgrefurl=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/rs/back/spectrum/&docid=u3dn6e-3hnimum&imgurl=http://www.geo.mtu.edu/rs/back/spectrum/e_mag.gif&w=506&h=268&ei=smw3tvqfice62wxb0szjcw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=369&vpy=303&dur=235&hovh=163&hovw=309&tx=186&ty=88&sig=112092478427047389460&page=1&tbnh=102&tbnw=193&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0

63

EEn.1.1.3Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).

http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&biw=1024&bih=557&tbm=isch&tbnid=18Fs8JjgP_4pM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F79727858%2FElectromagneticSpectrumWorksheet&docid=45AQs1WR23t8yM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimg.docstoccdn.com%2Fthumb%2Forig%2F79727858.png&w=1275&h=1650&ei=pSkNU4mSKvPW0gH_o4G4Bg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1000&page=1&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=0CFIQrQMwAA

electromagneticspectrumimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

http://www.sciencewithmrjones.com/downloads/astronomy/universe/electromagnetic_spectrum_&_light__webquest.pdf

http://www.google.com/#q=school.discoveryeducation.com%2Flessonplans%2Finteract%2Felectromagneticspectrum.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=x&biw=1024&bih=557&tbm=isch&tbnid=18fs-8jjgp_4pm%3a&imgrefurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.docstoc.com%2fdocs%2f79727858%2felectromagnetic-spectrum-worksheet&docid=45aqs1wr23t8ym&imgurl=http%3a%2f%2fimg.docstoccdn.com%2fthumb%2forig%2f79727858.png&w=1275&h=1650&ei=psknu4mskvpw0gh_o4g4bg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1000&page=1&start=0&ndsp=8&ved=0cfiqrqmwaahttp://www.sciencewithmrjones.com/downloads/astronomy/universe/electromagnetic_spectrum_&_light_-_webquest.pdfhttp://www.google.com/#q=school.discoveryeducation.com%2flessonplans%2finteract%2felectromagneticspectrum.html

64

http://delloyd.50megs.com/moreinfo/spectrum.html UsewebsitetolistfactsinEM

EEn.1.1.3Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).

Speeddecreasesafterenteringmaterials.Theonlydifferencebetweenthemistheirwavelength,whichisdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofenergythewavescarry.

Theshorterthewavelengthoftheradiation,thehighertheenergy.

TheElectromagneticSpectrumofRadiation

Allofthesewavesareelectricandmagneticforces

Allhavespeed186,000milespersecond=c=speedoflight!

Theymovethroughvacuum,anddonotneeda'carrier'.300,000km/sec

http://delloyd.50megs.com/moreinfo/spectrum.html

65

EEn.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

Identifytheformsofenergy(electromagneticwaves)producedbythesunandhowsomearefilteredbytheatmosphere(Xrays,cosmicrays,etc.).

SummarizehowenergyflowsfromthesuntotheEarththroughspace.

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know

_l1/emspectrum

.html

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/quiz_l1/emspectrum_quiz.html

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.htmlhttp://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/quiz_l1/emspectrum_quiz.html

66

Comparecombustionandnuclearreactions(fusionandfission)onaconceptuallevel.Identifyfusionastheprocessthatproducesradiantenergyofstars.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pusKlK1L5ToFusion

http://www.meridianschools.org/MHS/TeachersStaff/MP/Nawrocki/AssignmentsInformation/Nuclear%20Fission%20vs%20Fusion.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBdVK4cqiFsFission

http://www.rsec.psu.edu/pages/education/lessons/Combustion%20Fission%20Fusion.pdflesson

Comparecombustionandnuclearreactions(fusionandfission)onaconceptuallevel.Identifyfusionastheprocessthatproducesradiantenergyofstars.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pusklk1l5tohttp://www.meridianschools.org/mhs/teachersstaff/mp/nawrocki/assignmentsinformation/nuclear%20fission%20vs%20fusion.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbdvk4cqifshttp://www.rsec.psu.edu/pages/education/lessons/combustion%20fission%20fusion.pdf

67

Comparecombustionandnuclearreactions(fusionandfission)onaconceptuallevel.Identifyfusionastheprocessthatproducesradiantenergyofstars.

Combustion

http://web.mnstate.edu/marasing/CHEM102/Chapter%20Notes/Ch_04%20ho.pdf

http://fusioned.gat.com/education_notebook/images/pdf/fusion_workbook.pdf

workbookonfusionandfission

http://web.mnstate.edu/marasing/chem102/chapter%20notes/ch_04%20ho.pdfhttp://fusioned.gat.com/education_notebook/images/pdf/fusion_workbook.pdf

68

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowincomingsolarenergymakeslifepossibleonEarth.

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowthetiltoftheEarthsaxisresultsinseasonsduetotheamountofsolarenergyimpactingtheEarthssurface.

Explaindifferentialheatingoftheearthssurface(watertemperaturevs.landtemperature)

Explainhowsolarenergyistransformedintochemicalenergythroughphotosynthesis.

Explainhowtheearthsmagneticfieldprotectstheplanetfromtheharmfuleffectsofradiation.

69

EEn.1.1.3ExplainhowthesunproducesenergywhichistransferredtotheEarthbyradiation.

http://scienceedu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/radiation_facts.html

SummarizehowenergyflowsfromthesuntotheEarththroughspace.

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/eddocs/radiation_facts.html

70

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowincomingsolarenergymakeslifepossibleonEarth.

ExplainhowthetiltoftheEarthsaxisresultsinseasonsduetotheamountofsolarenergyimpactingtheEarthssurface.

71

Revolu

tion

nationsonline.org

WinterSolstice

Axisistiltedawayfromsun

VernalEquinox

Axisisnottiltedtowardthesun

12hoursofdaylightanddarknessonentireplanet

WinterinNorthernHemisphere

SummerSolsticeNorthernaxisistiltedtowardthesunSummerinNorthernHemisphere

AutumnalEquinox

Revolution

DescribeseasonalchangesduetothetiltandrevolutionoftheEarth,

72

EEn.1.1.4ExplainhowincomingsolarenergymakeslifepossibleonEarth.Explaindifferentialheatingoftheearthssurface(watertemperaturevs.landtemperature)

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/dynamic/session4/sess4_act3.htm

http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_2_5t.htm

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/dynamic/session4/sess4_act3.htmhttp://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_2_5t.htm

73

ExplainhowsolarenergyistransformedintochemicalenergythroughphotosynthesisExplainhowtheearthsmagneticfieldprotectstheplanetfromtheharmfuleffectsofradiation.

1.1.4Explainhowsolarenergyistransformedintochemicalenergythroughphotosynthesis

Concept1:AnOverviewofPhotosynthesis

Photosynthesisconvertslightenergyintothechemicalenergyofsugarsandotherorganiccompounds.Thisprocessconsistsofaseriesofchemicalreactionsthatrequirecarbondioxide(CO2)andwater(H2O)andstorechemicalenergyintheformofsugar.Lightenergyfromlightdrivesthereactions.Oxygen(O2)isabyproductofphotosynthesisandisreleasedintotheatmosphere.Thefollowingequationsummarizesphotosynthesis

sunlight+6CO2+6H2O6(CH2O)+6O2sugar

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/electro.htmlshowsdiagramofphotosynthesis

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/electro.html

74

Explainhowtheearthsmagneticfieldprotectstheplanetfromtheharmfuleffectsofradiation

Explainhowtheearthsmagneticfieldprotectstheplanetfromtheharmfuleffectsofradiation

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Magnetosphere/overview.html

http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/magnetosphere/overview.html

Attachments

Kepler'sLaws.pdf

SMART Notebook

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