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Edge-to-Edge Bailout Forward Contracts for Single-Domain Internet Services. Weini Liu , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Hasan Karaoglu , University of Nevada, Reno Aparna Gupta , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Murat Yuksel , University of Nevada, Reno - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Edge-to-Edge Bailout Forward Contracts for Single-Domain Internet
Services
Weini Liu, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteHasan Karaoglu, University of Nevada, Reno
Aparna Gupta, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteMurat Yuksel, University of Nevada, Reno
Koushik Kar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
MotivationISPs can provide single domain QoS for wide range of applications Video-conferenceOnline Video GamesStreaming Live Media, name it
Motivation
There is no easy way to : express QoS demand to intermediate providers exchange QoS service capabilities and offers to other providers
?
Motivation• Current architectural
problems:– Providers do not have
economic knobs to manage risks involved in
• investing innovative QoS technologies and
• business relationships with other providers
Users cannot express value choices at sufficient granularity – only at access level
Implied Challenges
flexibility in time:
forward/option pricingflexibility in space:
user-defined inter-domain
routes
capability to provide e2e
higher quality services
money-back guarantees,
risk/cost sharing
Intra-domain Dynamic Contracts
Network CoreCustom
ers
EdgeRouter
EdgeRouter
EdgeRouter
EdgeRouter
EdgeRouter
EdgeRouter
Stations of the provider computing
and advertising local prices for edge-to-
edge contracts.
Stations of the provider computing
and advertising local prices for edge-to-
edge contracts.
Contract components performance component, e.g., capacity financial component, e.g., price time component, e.g., term
Contract Switching Paradigm
7
Contract-switching: A paradigm shift…
Circuit-switching
Packet-switching
Contract-switching
ISPA
ISPC
ISPB
e2e circuits
ISPA
ISPC
ISPB routable
datagrams
ISPA
ISPC
ISPB contracts
overlaid on routable datagrams
SPOT, Forward and Bailout Forward Contracts
Well defined components (performance, financial and time) Time Duration for Contracts
Spot Contracts Providing the service in short term considering current market
conditions Forward Contracts
Providing the service at a future time for predetermined price Bailout Forward Contracts
Make forward contracts applicable to capacitated network resources
Atomic Short Medium Long
Bailout Forward ContractSingle g2g Contract
• Bandwidth guarantee as performance metric ( eg.100 Mbps )• Bandwidth threshold to activate bailout condition ( e.g.. 80 Mbps)• Exposed to variation on demand, bandwidth capacity and spot prices (e.g. For next five days, $0.25)
Bailout Forward ContractMultiple g2g Contracts
• Exposed to the additional effects of other traffic flows as a result of overlapping links with other g2g overlay paths
• How we model this interaction ?
Intensity of Overlap
Link Capacity 1.5 gbpsUtilization = 10%
Link Capacity 0.3 gbpsUtilization = 50%
Flow1 50 mbps
Flow2 100 mbps
Performance
• Can an ISP survive by applying BFC approach ?– How frequent does BFC bailout ?
• BFC Robustness against – increasing demand ? (demand)– decreasing available bandwidth ? (supply)– major link failures ?
– How efficient is BFC pricing ?• Revenue Losses
Network Model• Realistic Simulation requires
– Realistic ISP Topology • Adjacency Matrix (Given by Rocketfuel Data)• Link Delays & Weights (Given by Rocketfuel Data)• Link Capacities (We have to model)• Edge and Backbone Router Classification (We have to model)• Routing Matrix (Path calculated by Shortest Path Algorithms,
as OSPF does)– Realistic Traffic Model
• Traffic Matrix Estimation(We have to model)
Network ModelBFS Based Link Capacity Estimation1)Select Most Connected Router2)Initiate a BFS3)Assign higher capacity to links closer to center
DC. BFS Dist = 2
Atlanta BFS Dist = 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 740 gbps
10 gbps
2.5 gbps
640 mbps
155 mbps
45 mbps
10 mbps
Network Model
24X2X
Gravity Model Based Traffic Estimation1)Determine Degree and BFS Distance Thresholds 2)Classify Edge / Backbone Routers3)Associate Area Population with Edge Router s4)Use Gravity Model to estimate traffic size
Seattle 6K
Chicago 3M NY 8M
Gravity ModelTraffic ~ Pop. 1 X Pop. 2
Network ModelSummary :I. Construct Routing Matrix RnXn
I. Using Adjacency Matrix A and Weight Matrix W given by Rocketfuel Topologies
II. Apply Dijktra’s Shortest Path AlgorithmII. BFS Based Link Capacity EstimationIII. Form the Traffic Matrix TnXn using Gravity ModelIV. Calculate traffic load on each link
I. If link capacity is less than traffic load, upgrade link capacity
Simulation Setup – Multiple BFC’sFailure Mode 1-2-3
• One of the most heavily loaded link is failed• Traffic passes through failed link is rerouted• Bandwidth share and correlation between traffic flows also changes
Simulation Results – Single BFC
Simulation Results– Single BFC
Path Forward Prices E[ST] Probability
{ST>F} Probability
{AT<Th}
1 0.20609 0.20305 0.502 0.092 0.27162 0.24982 0.449 0.0653 0.21293 0.21213 0.486 0.0794 0.25039 0.24825 0.477 0.0945 0.22177 0.21211 0.465 0.093
Threshold = 15th percentile
Results for five sample g2g contracts
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCs
Mean fraction 16.4 %
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCs
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCs
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCs
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCs
Simulation Results– Multiple BFCsCase Expected
Revenue Fraction of Bailouts
Artificial No Bailout or Failure 95.7464 0
Base Case (No Failure) 80.43655 0.16403
Failure Mode 1 78.98833 0.16505355
Failure Mode 2 81.34074 0.163980954
Failure Mode 3 80.98213 0.16676308
Network Analysis
Mean fraction 27%
Summary• Single domain edge to edge path abstraction
– Domain is a set of G2G overlay paths– Flexibility to price each G2G path individually
• Bailout Forward Contract with Bandwidth Guarantees – Bandwidth threshold as Bailout clause– Money-back guarantees
• BFC’s are robust against link failures, fluctuations in demand, supply and correlation effects between traffic flows
Future Work Conduct network analysis inter-domain e2e QoS
paths “Contract Paths” which are composed of edge to edge (g2g) intra-domain “Contract Links”
Study Economical and Technical Aspects of “Contract Switching Paradigm” Discovery of Better Alternative Paths Better network utilization Game Theoretical analysis of collaboration of ISPs
Questions ?
• Value Flows and Risk Management Architecture for Future Internet
• Project Website– http://www.nets-find.net/Funded/ValueFlows.php– http://www.cse.unr.edu/~yuksem/contract-switching.htm
– Or google “Contract Switching”
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