Ecology and the Biosphere Chapter 3 and 4. Unit II - Ecology Ecology - the study of the...

Ecology and the Ecology and the BiosphereBiosphere

Chapter 3 and 4Chapter 3 and 4

Unit IIUnit II - Ecology - Ecology

EcologyEcology

- the study of the relationships between - the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment (biotic organisms and their environment (biotic and abiotic and abiotic

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen. Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.

* Why is it important to study ecology?* Why is it important to study ecology?

So we canSo we can….….

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen. Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.

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Solar energy

Production of oxygen

Storage and recycling of nutrients

Regulation of climate

Purification of water and air

Storage & distribution of fresh water

Food production

Nursery habits for wildlifeDetoxification of human and

industrial wasteNatural pest and disease control

Management of soil erosion & runoff

Ecosystem Services

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I. What is Ecology?I. What is Ecology?

A. Interactions and InterdependenceA. Interactions and Interdependence

1. Today’s Ecological Issues1. Today’s Ecological Issues

a. Exploding Human Populationa. Exploding Human Population

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/numb-flash.html

Agriculturebegins

Plowingand

irrigation

Bubonicplague

IndustrialRevolution

begins

Human Population Growth

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen. Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.

b. Sixth Mass Extinctionb. Sixth Mass Extinction

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3667300.stm

c. Thinning Ozone Layerc. Thinning Ozone Layer

Total ozone values shown for high southern latitudes as measured by a NASA satellite instrument. http://www.research.noaa.gov/climate/t_ozonelayer.html

d. Climatic Changesd. Climatic Changes

1) 1) Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

a) gradual warming of the a) gradual warming of the Earth’s Earth’s atmosphere due to the atmosphere due to the insulating insulating effect of gases in the effect of gases in the atmosphere, atmosphere, such as COsuch as CO2 and H and H2O O

vaporvapor

Some heat escapesinto space

Greenhousegases trapsome heat

Atmosphere

Earth’s surface

Sunlight

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Levels Within LevelsLevels Within Levels

An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.are similar to an ecosystem.

Levels Within LevelsLevels Within Levels

1.1. What living things are found in and around your What living things are found in and around your school?school?

2.2. What nonliving things are found in your school?What nonliving things are found in your school?

3.3. Into what large groups are the students in your Into what large groups are the students in your school divided?school divided?

4.4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided?divided?

5.5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?groups? If so, what are these groups?

B. Levels of OrganizationB. Levels of Organization1. Atom1. Atom

2. Molecule2. Molecule

3. Organelle3. Organelle

4. Cell4. Cell

5. Tissue5. Tissue

6. Organ6. Organ

7. Organ System7. Organ System

8. Organism8. Organism

9. Population9. Population

10. Community10. Community

11. Ecosystem11. Ecosystem

12. Biome12. Biome

13. Biosphere13. Biosphere

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.

Oxygen atom - http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/008_shells.html; hydrogen atom - http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/001_shells.html; water molecule - http://encarta.msn.com/media_461556496_761567432_-1_1/water_molecule.html;

Muscle tissue - http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/mammaliansmoothmuscle40xsmall.html; stomach drawing - http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.htmls; neuron - http://www.google.com/search?q=parts+of+a+neuron&hl=en&start=10&sa=N

Systems - http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week10/systems1.gif; digestive system - http://images.main.uab.edu/healthsys/ei_0132.gif

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C. Land BiomesC. Land Biomes

1. Tundra1. Tundra

2. Taiga2. Taiga

3. Temperate Deciduous Forest3. Temperate Deciduous Forest

4. Temperate Grasslands4. Temperate Grasslands

5. Deserts5. Deserts

6. Savannas6. Savannas

7. Tropical Rain Forests7. Tropical Rain Forests

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.

D. Aquatic EcosystemsD. Aquatic Ecosystems

1. Freshwater Ecosystems1. Freshwater Ecosystems

a. Flowing-Water Ecosystemsa. Flowing-Water Ecosystems

b. Standing-Water Ecosystemsb. Standing-Water Ecosystems

c. Freshwater Wetlandsc. Freshwater Wetlands

2. Estuaries2. Estuaries

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.

3. Marine Ecosystems3. Marine Ecosystems

a. Intertidal Zonea. Intertidal Zone

b. Coastal Oceanb. Coastal Ocean

c. Coral Reefsc. Coral Reefs

d. Open Oceand. Open Ocean

e. Benthic Zonee. Benthic Zone

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.

Ten Major BiomesTen Major BiomesBiomeBiome PrecipPrecip TemperatureTemperature SoilSoil DiversityDiversity TreesTrees GrassesGrasses

Tropical Rain Tropical Rain ForestForest

highhigh hothot poorpoor highhigh densedense sparsesparse

Tropical Dry Tropical Dry ForestForest

variablevariable mildmild richrich moderatemoderate mediummedium mediummedium

Tropical SavannaTropical Savanna variablevariable mildmild clayclay moderatemoderate sparsesparse densedense

DesertDesert lowlow variablevariable poorpoor moderatemoderate sparsesparse sparsesparse

Temperate Temperate GrasslandGrassland

moderatemoderate summer hotsummer hot richrich moderatemoderate absentabsent densedense

Temperate Temperate woodland and woodland and

ShrublandShrubland

summer low, summer low, winter winter

moderatemoderate

summer hotsummer hot poorpoor lowlow mediummedium mediummedium

Temperate ForestTemperate Forest moderatemoderate summer summer moderate, moderate,

winter coldwinter cold

richrich highhigh densedense sparsesparse

Northwestern Northwestern Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest

highhigh summer mild, summer mild, winter coldwinter cold

rocky, rocky, acidicacidic

lowlow densedense sparsesparse

Boreal ForestBoreal Forest moderatemoderate summer mild, summer mild, winter coolwinter cool

poor, acidicpoor, acidic moderatemoderate densedense sparsesparse

TundraTundra lowlow summer mild, summer mild, winter coldwinter cold

poorpoor lowlow absentabsent MediumMedium

Tropical rain forest

Tropical dry forest

Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrubland

Desert

Temperate grassland

Boreal forest(Taiga)

Northwesternconiferous forest

Temperate forest

Mountains andice caps

Tundra

The World’s Major Land Biomes

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Earth’s Many Biomes – Part IEarth’s Many Biomes – Part I

Earth’s Many Biomes – Part IIEarth’s Many Biomes – Part II

1.1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat. Indicate whether the food comes from a Indicate whether the food comes from a plant (producer) or an animal (consumer). plant (producer) or an animal (consumer).

2.2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are seeds. Where do seeds come from?are seeds. Where do seeds come from?

3.3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?eat?

4.4. Construct a diagram showing how one of Construct a diagram showing how one of your favorite foods obtains its energy. your favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many levels as you can.Include as many levels as you can.

II. Energy FlowII. Energy Flow

A. ProducersA. Producers

1. Energy from the sun1. Energy from the sun

a. a. AutotrophsAutotrophs

1) organisms that create their 1) organisms that create their

own energyown energy

2) plants, some algae, some 2) plants, some algae, some

bacteria (i.e. cyanobacteria)bacteria (i.e. cyanobacteria)

b. b. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

1) the process of using the sun’s 1) the process of using the sun’s

energy to create foodenergy to create food

2. Life without light2. Life without light

a. a. ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis

- when organisms use chemical - when organisms use chemical energy (inorganic compounds) to energy (inorganic compounds) to produce carbohydrates (i.e. produce carbohydrates (i.e. glucose)glucose)

b. bacteria – volcanic vents, hot b. bacteria – volcanic vents, hot

springs, tidal marshessprings, tidal marshes

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B. ConsumersB. Consumers

1. 1. HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

a. organisms that obtain energy by a. organisms that obtain energy by

consuming other organismsconsuming other organisms

2. Types of Heterotrophs2. Types of Heterotrophs

a. Herbivoresa. Herbivores

b. Carnivoresb. Carnivores

c. Omnivoresc. Omnivores

d. d. DetritivoresDetritivores

1) feed on plant and animal 1) feed on plant and animal

remains and other dead matterremains and other dead matter

2) mites, earthworms, snails, 2) mites, earthworms, snails,

crabscrabs

e. e. DecomposersDecomposers

1) breaks down organic matter1) breaks down organic matter

2) bacteria and fungi2) bacteria and fungi

C. Feeding RelationshipsC. Feeding Relationships

**** Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers) ****

1. Food Chains1. Food Chains

2. Food Webs2. Food Webs

3. Trophic Levels3. Trophic Levels

a. each step in a food chain or weba. each step in a food chain or web

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D. Ecological PyramidsD. Ecological Pyramids

1. Energy Pyramid1. Energy Pyramid

2. Biomass Pyramid2. Biomass Pyramid

3. Pyramid of Numbers3. Pyramid of Numbers

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen. Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.

Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.

Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

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III. Ecosystem RecyclingIII. Ecosystem Recycling

A. A. Biogeochemical CycleBiogeochemical Cycle

1. water and minerals move from the 1. water and minerals move from the abioticabiotic portion of the environment, into portion of the environment, into livingliving things and things and backback again again

2. carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, 2. carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, etc.etc.

It’s Raining, It’s PouringIt’s Raining, It’s Pouring

How many times have you had to change How many times have you had to change your plans because of rain? It probably your plans because of rain? It probably didn’t help if someone tried to cheer you up didn’t help if someone tried to cheer you up by saying, “But we really need the rain.” by saying, “But we really need the rain.”

However, rain is important. If it didn’t rain, However, rain is important. If it didn’t rain, how would living things on land get water?how would living things on land get water?

1. When rain falls on the ground, it either soaks into 1. When rain falls on the ground, it either soaks into the soil or runs across the surface of the soil. the soil or runs across the surface of the soil. When rainwater runs across the land, what body When rainwater runs across the land, what body of water might collect the rain?of water might collect the rain?

2. From here, where might the water flow?2. From here, where might the water flow?

3.3. After the rain, the sun comes out and the land After the rain, the sun comes out and the land dries. Where does the water that had been on the dries. Where does the water that had been on the land go?land go?

4.4. Construct a diagram that would illustrate all the Construct a diagram that would illustrate all the places a molecule of water might go. Begin with a places a molecule of water might go. Begin with a raindrop and end with a cloud.raindrop and end with a cloud.

Condensation

Leaching

Runoff

Precipitation

TranspirationEvaporation

RootUptake

The Water Cycle

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B. B. The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

1. Cells are 70-90% water1. Cells are 70-90% water

2. Most of life’s chemical reactions occur 2. Most of life’s chemical reactions occur in waterin water

Condensation

Leaching

Runoff

Precipitation

TranspirationEvaporation

RootUptake

The Water Cycle

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C. C. The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle

1. Photosynthesis and Respiration1. Photosynthesis and Respiration

2. Photosynthesis2. Photosynthesis

COCO2 + H + H2O + light = OO + light = O2 + C + C6HH12OO6

3. Cellular Respiration3. Cellular Respiration

OO2 + C + C6HH12OO6 = CO = CO2 + H + H2O + energyO + energy

CarbonCarbonCycleCycle

CO2 inAtmosphere

CO2 in Ocean

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4. Human Influence4. Human Influence

- CO- CO2 increased 30% in last 150 increased 30% in last 150

yearsyears

b. caused byb. caused by

1) burning of fossil fuels1) burning of fossil fuels

2) burning of vegetation such as 2) burning of vegetation such as rain forestsrain forests

3) decrease in # of plants3) decrease in # of plants

D. D. The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle

1. N needed to make proteins and 1. N needed to make proteins and

nucleic acidsnucleic acids

2. N2. N2 gas – 78% of atmosphere gas – 78% of atmosphere

3. But, most organisms use only 3. But, most organisms use only ammonia/NHammonia/NH3

The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen CycleN2 in Atmosphere

NH3

NO3-

and NO2-

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Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature

THE ENDTHE END