Early Blight and Septoria Leaf Spot of Tomato. Sources of Pathogen Seed and transplants. Spores...

Early Blight

and

Septoria Leaf Spot

of Tomato

Sources of PathogenSources of PathogenSeed and transplants.Seed and transplants.

Spores dispersed by wind Spores dispersed by wind

or water.or water.

Crop debris.Crop debris.

Potential ImpactPotential ImpactLoss of leaves.Loss of leaves.Sunscald of exposed fruit.Sunscald of exposed fruit.Fruit lesions due to EB.Fruit lesions due to EB.Poor fruit quality (lower Poor fruit quality (lower

sugar content).sugar content).Plants produce less.Plants produce less.Severity increases over years.Severity increases over years.

Septoria

Leaf

Spot

ManagementManagementPurchase seed from reliable supplier.Purchase seed from reliable supplier.

Hot water treat seed right before planting. Hot water treat seed right before planting.

Rotate land. At least 3 yrs,Rotate land. At least 3 yrs,

Select EB resistant varieties when suitable.Select EB resistant varieties when suitable.

Early maturing varieties have more EB.Early maturing varieties have more EB.

Indeterminant varieties have less EB.Indeterminant varieties have less EB.

Mulch to interfere with spore dispersal.Mulch to interfere with spore dispersal.

Hairy vetch might induce resistance.Hairy vetch might induce resistance.

Rows parallel to prevailing wind.Rows parallel to prevailing wind.

ManagementManagementWide row and plant spacing.Wide row and plant spacing.

Separate plantings.Separate plantings.

Stake or trellise; disinfect first if used.Stake or trellise; disinfect first if used.

Optimum growing conditions.Optimum growing conditions.

Drip irrigate or overhead when leaf wetness Drip irrigate or overhead when leaf wetness period minimally extended.period minimally extended.

Work when foliage is dry.Work when foliage is dry.

ManagementManagementControl weeds and volunteer tomato plants.Control weeds and volunteer tomato plants.

Rescue treatments – start very early.Rescue treatments – start very early.

Use disease forecasting system.Use disease forecasting system.

Copper fungicides, Sonata biofungicide, Copper fungicides, Sonata biofungicide, PlantShield (not labeled for this use)PlantShield (not labeled for this use)

Incorporate crop residue promptly after Incorporate crop residue promptly after harvest.harvest.

Early Blight Resistant VarietiesEarly Blight Resistant Varieties

Mountain series from NC:Mountain series from NC:Mountain Pride, Mountain Pride, Supreme, Gold, Fresh and Belle.Supreme, Gold, Fresh and Belle.

Late maturing and fruit small.Late maturing and fruit small.

Cornell Program. First variety Cornell Program. First variety expected available in 2007. More expected available in 2007. More suitable for northeast.suitable for northeast.

New Tomato Selection from CornellNew Tomato Selection from Cornell

StandardStandard

SusceptibleSusceptible

VarietyVariety

Selection with Selection with Resistance to Resistance to early blight and early blight and late blightlate blight

DefoliationDefoliation

due todue to

late blight late blight (US-7) (US-7)

in 1999 in 1999

Plantshield (Plantshield (Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianum))drench + foliar applicationsdrench + foliar applications

Mycostop (Mycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridisStreptomyces griseoviridis) - drench) - drenchTrilogy (neem oil) - foliar Trilogy (neem oil) - foliar Serenade (Serenade (Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis) - 4 and 8 lb/A foliar) - 4 and 8 lb/A foliarOxidate (hydrogen dioxide) - foliarOxidate (hydrogen dioxide) - foliar

Drench after transplanting (1 or 9 days after).Drench after transplanting (1 or 9 days after).3 Foliar sprays at 2-week interval.3 Foliar sprays at 2-week interval.

Treatments - Tomato Early BlightTreatments - Tomato Early Blight(Abby Seaman, 2001 and 2002)(Abby Seaman, 2001 and 2002)

Plantshield drenchPlantshield drench 5.65.6 aa

Plantshield foliarPlantshield foliar 20.020.0 bb

Plantshield drench + foliarPlantshield drench + foliar 10.010.0 abab

TrilogyTrilogy 8.18.1 aa

untreateduntreated 21.321.3 bb

% Diseased Foliage% Diseased Foliage

TreatmentTreatment 9/26/01 9/26/01

Treatments - Tomato Early BlightTreatments - Tomato Early Blight

Plantshield drenchPlantshield drench 6.256.25 bcbc

Plantshield foliarPlantshield foliar 8.258.25 abab

Plantshield drench + foliarPlantshield drench + foliar 4.50 4.50 cc

Mycostop drenchMycostop drench 7.257.25 bcbc

TrilogyTrilogy 8.758.75 abab

Serenade 8 lb/ASerenade 8 lb/A 7.007.00 bcbc

OxidateOxidate 7.007.00 bcbc

untreateduntreated 11.2511.25 aa

% Diseased Foliage% Diseased Foliage

TreatmentTreatment 10/3/02 10/3/02

Treatments - Tomato Early BlightTreatments - Tomato Early Blight

Organic Tomato ProductionOrganic Tomato ProductionFertilityFertility

Low N - Low N - vetch cover cropvetch cover crop

High N - High N - vetch + peanut meal (50 lb/A N)vetch + peanut meal (50 lb/A N)

Control of Foliar DiseasesControl of Foliar DiseasesCompost teaCompost teaSonata Sonata (2 qt/A)(AgraQuest biofungicide)(2 qt/A)(AgraQuest biofungicide)

Compost tea + SonataCompost tea + SonataCompost tea + rescue fungicidesCompost tea + rescue fungicides

Organic Tomato ProductionOrganic Tomato Production

6/16/1 Flail chopped vetch.Flail chopped vetch.

6/116/11 Transplanted.Transplanted.

6/236/23 Peanut meal applied.Peanut meal applied.

6/10/04

6/17/04

7/9/04

7/28/04

Tomato Foliar DiseasesPowdery mildew

Septoria leaf spot

Bacterial speck

Compost tea.Compost tea.

Fungicides for organic Fungicides for organic

production. production.

Foliar Disease TreatmentsFoliar Disease TreatmentsCompost teaCompost tea

applied undiluted with fish hydrolysate (1 oz/15 gal) applied undiluted with fish hydrolysate (1 oz/15 gal) and nuFilm P (6 oz/A) on 8, 16, 23, and 29 Jul; 4, 11, 17, and nuFilm P (6 oz/A) on 8, 16, 23, and 29 Jul; 4, 11, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1 and 8 Sep. and 25 Aug; and 1 and 8 Sep.

Sonata Sonata (2 qt/A)(AgraQuest biofungicide)(2 qt/A)(AgraQuest biofungicide)applied 11, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1, 8, and 17 Sep. applied 11, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1, 8, and 17 Sep.

Rescue fungicidesRescue fungicidesJMS Stylet oil (5 qt/100 gal) applied on 25 Aug and 1 JMS Stylet oil (5 qt/100 gal) applied on 25 Aug and 1

Sep for powdery mildew.Sep for powdery mildew.

copper fungicide Champion (4 lb/A) applied on 3, 12 copper fungicide Champion (4 lb/A) applied on 3, 12 and 17 Sep for all 3 diseases. and 17 Sep for all 3 diseases.

Low NitrogenLow NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 1111 5353Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24)Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24) 33 3535

High NitrogenHigh NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 1111 4343Compost tea (10X)Compost tea (10X) 1010 4646Sonata (6X)Sonata (6X) 99 6262Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) 88 4040Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X)Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X) 99 4040

Powdery Mildew SeverityPowdery Mildew Severity

TreatmentTreatment 9/19/1 9/249/24

Organic Control Tomato DiseasesOrganic Control Tomato Diseases

Low NitrogenLow NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 2828 4444Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24)Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24) 3636 4646

High NitrogenHigh NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 1818 4444Compost tea (10X)Compost tea (10X) 3636 4242Sonata (6X)Sonata (6X) 3232 4444Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) 3838 5555Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X)Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X) 3838 4848

Bacterial Speck Incidence (%)Bacterial Speck Incidence (%)

TreatmentTreatment 9/249/24 10/110/1

Organic Control Tomato DiseasesOrganic Control Tomato Diseases

Low NitrogenLow NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 3030 4141Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24)Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24) 3535 5151

High NitrogenHigh NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 2828 3434Compost tea (10X)Compost tea (10X) 5656 5252Sonata (6X)Sonata (6X) 3636 4848Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) 4545 4848Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X)Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X) 3939 4141

Septoria Leaf Spot IncidenceSeptoria Leaf Spot Incidence

TreatmentTreatment 9/249/24 10/110/1

Organic Control Tomato DiseasesOrganic Control Tomato Diseases

Low NitrogenLow NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 1111 5353Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24)Compost tea (10X; 7/30 - 9/24) 33 3535

High NitrogenHigh NitrogenNontreatedNontreated 1111 4343Compost tea (10X)Compost tea (10X) 1010 4646Sonata (6X)Sonata (6X) 99 6262Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) Tea (10X) + Sonata (6X) 88 4040Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X)Tea + Rescue fungicides (5X) 99 4040

Defoliation (%)Defoliation (%)

TreatmentTreatment 9/24 9/24 10/110/1

Organic Control Tomato DiseasesOrganic Control Tomato Diseases

Treatment not started early Treatment not started early

enough?enough?

Need to treat seed or Need to treat seed or

seedlings?seedlings?

Effective organisms not present?Effective organisms not present?

Change recipe?Change recipe?

Change brewing conditions?Change brewing conditions?

Applied at wrong time?Applied at wrong time?

Evening better than morning?Evening better than morning?

Why Was Compost Tea Ineffective?Why Was Compost Tea Ineffective?

9/23/04

Nontreated, High N

9/23/04

Compost tea + Rescue fungicides, High N

Compost Tea RecipesCompost Tea Recipes20032003 20042004IngredientIngredient

4 lb 4 lb Grape pumice compostGrape pumice compost

4 lb4 lbLeaf-based compostLeaf-based compost

4 lb4 lb4 lb4 lbVermicompost Vermicompost (manure-based (manure-based

compost)compost)

12 oz 12 oz 12 oz12 oz Kelp Kelp (Fertrell (Fertrell Liquid Kelp)Liquid Kelp)

7 oz7 oz4 oz4 ozFish hydrolysate Fish hydrolysate ((Organic Organic

Gem Liquid Fish or Neptune’s Harvest Benefits of Gem Liquid Fish or Neptune’s Harvest Benefits of

FishFish))

7 oz7 oz16 oz16 ozHumic acid Humic acid (Fertrell Bio-(Fertrell Bio-Hume)Hume)

60 gal water60 gal water

Brewed 24 hr in Sotillo BrewerBrewed 24 hr in Sotillo Brewer

Compost Tea Expenses, 2004Compost Tea Expenses, 2004$6.72$6.72 8 lb 8 lb Vermicompost Vermicompost

$1.89$1.89 16 oz 16 oz Humic acid Humic acid (Fertrell Bio-Hume)(Fertrell Bio-Hume)

$1.31$1.31 12 oz12 oz Kelp Kelp (Fertrell Liquid Kelp)(Fertrell Liquid Kelp)

$0.52$0.52 4 oz4 oz Fish hydrolysate Fish hydrolysate (Neptune)(Neptune)

$10.35$10.35 60 gal60 gal

$19.16$19.16 110 gal/A110 gal/A

$1.92$1.92 Fish hydrolysate (2 oz/15 gal)Fish hydrolysate (2 oz/15 gal)

$1.64$1.64 nuFilm P spreader (6 oz/A)nuFilm P spreader (6 oz/A)

$22.72$22.72 per acre cost undilutedper acre cost undiluted

Treatment Costs ($/A)Treatment Costs ($/A)

$22.72$22.72 Compost tea (undiluted)Compost tea (undiluted)

$26.50$26.50 Serenade (4 lb/A)Serenade (4 lb/A)

$6.50$6.50 Champion (2 lb/A)Champion (2 lb/A)