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INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS
INDUSTRY & SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT (PCB/PDB 1012)DRILLING & PRODUCTION
Internal
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Familiarity with:
Drilling &
Completion
concepts
Drilling rig types
& AccessoriesDrilling fluids
Types o
completio
OUTLINES
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INTRODUCTION
Oil/Gas Well drilling
To bore/drill a hole in the subsurface, usually to extract hydrocarbons such as oil and gas.
Exists in 2types
Onshore (onland)
Offshore
(in sea/ocean)
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INTRODUCTION (cont.)
Well is drilled in several stages.
Normally starts with drilling a hole of 30 to 36 inches
A steel pipe called casing is lowered into the well & cemented to the wa
Diameters down to a depth of 150 to 250 m
At a certain depth the drilling is stopped and another string of casing is
and cemented
After the cement has hardened, drilling is resumed with a smaller drill bi
This procedure will be repeated for each string until the well has reached t
depth of the reservoir
Number of casing strings may vary from well to well depending on we
depth and formations to be drilled
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DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
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DRILL STRING COMPONENTS
Drill bit is a cutting tool used to create cylindrical holes. Rotary table from rotatinwill rotate the Kelly pipe, drill pipe and bit. Rotating the bit provides an a
to create the hole.
Drill Pipe is a steel pipe available in three length ranges: Range 1 (18 to 22 ft), Ra
(27 to 30 ft) and Range 3 (38 to 45 ft).
Drill Collar is a steel pipe thicker than drill pipe. It is used to provide additional weig
bit and optimize drilling rates.
Casing is a steel pipe used during the drilling of a well
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CASING TYPES
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CASING SIZES
AvailableCasingSizes
36 in.OD
30 in.OD
24 in.OD, 20in. OD
13 3/8in. OD,10 in.
OD9 5/8 in,OD, 7
in. OD
5 in.OD
4 in.OD
4 in. OD
OD
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Heres a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock
S h i h l d ill d
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Sequence showing how roles are drilled
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HOW DO GEOLOGIST TELL IF THE RESERVOIR HAS OIL OR GAS?
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DRILLING OPERATIONS MAKING HOLES
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TYPES OF DRILLING RIG
1. Used for most of the offshore exploration dr2. Has a floating hull with retractable legs whic
down to the sea bed. Hull can be lifted until isurface. The legs support the hull.
3. In shallow and relatively calm waters the Jaadvantage of being able to leave a free stand
surface completion once it is finished.
1. Used mostly in the range of water depths fro
2. This rig is not bottomsupported, but it is descan operate in water depths of up to 3000 f
3. In areas where water depths exceed 100m acan be expected, then semisubmersibles m
1. Used to drill the well in deep water ( up to 2. It is most suited in calmer waters and less ha3. It can move between locations at high speed
semisubmersible rigs.
Jackups :
where the water
depth is lessthan 100m
SemiSubmersible :
in hostile waters
too rough for DrillShip and depths
over 100m
Drill Ships : in calmwaters with depthsover 100m
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Power System I. Provides all the necessary powwork
II. A common drilling rig requireshorse power to maintain the o
III. Power efficiency can be varie
Hoisting Equipment:I. Diesel engines (Prime mover):
provide the main source of po
II. Electrical generators: powere
provide electrical power
III. Mechanical system: driven by
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Hoisting System I. A large pulley system which is uequipment into and out of the w
II. Main component is a drawworkgear and brake.
III. One major component system o
IV. To support the rotating system i
providing the appropriate equip
needed for lifting, lowering antremendous weights
V. Used to lift, lower and suspend
Hoisting Equipment:
I. Drawworks: Specialized heavyII. Crown block: An assembly of pu
III. Travelling block: An arrangemen
IV. Hook: A large hookshaped devic
V. Elevators: An extremely rugged
VI. Drilling line: A heavyduty wire
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Sh
aleShaker:DrillingMudCirculatingSystem
CirculatingSystem
I. It is a system used to circulate drillin
drilling string.
II. Main functions of the system are: To remove drilled cuttings from t
To exert a hydrostatic pressure t
entering the borehole.
III. Drilling fluid is used as a circulation f
weighting material + chemicals).
Components in Circulating systemI. Mud Pumps: to circulate large volume
high pressure.
II. Shale shaker: removes drill cuttings fIII. Desander: removes granular waste fr
IV. Desilter: removes fine particles from
V. Degasser: removes entrained gases fr
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RotarySystem
I. Used to rotate the drilling string and to rotate t
the bottom of the hole.
II. The system includes rotary table & Kelly which i
rectangularshaped pipe placed in the rotary tab
Major components of rotary system I. Rotary table with Kelly (No longer use in the ind
II. Top Drive System
TopDriveSystem
KellyandRotaryDriveSystem
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DRILL BITS
Types of Drill Bits
Category Explanation
Roller cutter bit(also known as roller
cone bit)
Consists of cutting elements arran
(usually 3 cones) that rotate on btheir own axis as the drill string t
of the bit.
Fixed cutter bit(also known as drag
bit)
Consists of stationary cutting ele
rotated directly by the turning
string.
DRILLING OPERATION
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DRILLING OPERATION
CEMENTING
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CEMENTING
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DRILLING SEQUENCE
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DRILLING SEQUENCE
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TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF OPERATION (CONT
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TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF OPERATION (CONT
Drill production hole Cement production casing Drill production hole Run & set liner
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DRILLING OPERATION WELL COMPLETION
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DRILLING OPERATION WELL COMPLETION
DRILLING OPERATION COMPLETION METHOD
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DRILLING OPERATION COMPLETION METHOD
Open hole completion (Barefoot)
Production casing to be set above the zone of inte
No gravel pack or perforation needed
Open hole sand screen/gravel pack completion
A sand screen or gravel pack is installed across the
It is to avoid sand during production
DRILLING OPERATION COMPLETION METHOD
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DRILLING OPERATION COMPLETION METHOD
Cased hole perforated liner completion
Casing is set above the producing zone and a liner
installed across the target zone and cemented at p
The liner is then perforated to allow for production
Cased hole perforated casing completion
Casing is cemented up to the pay zone.
The casing is then perforated selectively to allow f
production
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CHRISTMAS TREE What purpose does a tree serve?
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CHRISTMAS TREE What purpose does a tree serve? On producing wells, injection of chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates to
problems (such as blockages) may be used.
A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water injectio
non-producing well in order to sustain economic "production" volumes of g
(field).
The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety val
tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to the
As you can see even on this Christmas Tree Diagram there are five valves.
I. Kill Wing valve
II. Swab valve
III. production wing valve
IV. upper master valve
V. lower master valve
When the operator, well, and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil
the release of the formation fluids is allowed to flow into and through a pipel
where these valves are located and what role they play in gett ing gas from th
Parts Defined
I. The two lower valves are called the master valves (upper and lower resp
flow path, which well fluids must take to get to surface.
II. The lower master valve will normally be manually operated, while thhydraulically actuated.
III. Hydraulic tree wing valves are usually built to be fail safe closed, mean
pressure to stay open.
IV. The right hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or the production
flow path the hydrocarbons take to production facilities.
V. The left hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily use
corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation.
VI. The valve at the top is called the swab valve and lies in the path used f
and coiled tubing.
VII. A Chokeis a device, either stationary or adjustable, used to:
a) control the gas flow, also known as volume
b) or create downstreampressure, also known as back pressure
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