Dr. Uma B.M. First Aid Basics. Definition: Care given to an injured person to stabilize and keep...
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- Slide 1
- Dr. Uma B.M. First Aid Basics
- Slide 2
- Definition: Care given to an injured person to stabilize and
keep him / her safe until he / she can receive professional medical
attention.
- Slide 3
- General guidelines Remain calm Communicate a calm and
supportive attitude to the ill and injured. Never leave the injured
unattended Have someone else call the doctor and the childs parent.
Do not move the injured. Do not allow him to walk Bring help to the
patient. Other students who may congregate should be cleared
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- Emergencies dealt with Wound (deep/extensive) Bleeding (severe)
Head, neck, or back injury Broken bone Amputation Allergic
reactions Breathing difficulty Insect Bite Dental Problems Foreign
bodies Choking Seizure Unconsciousness Burns (chemical, electrical,
third degree) Electrical shock Poisoning Drowning Snake bite
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- First Aid First aid is as easy as ABC airway, breathing and
Circulation In any situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan.
DRSABCD stands for Danger Response Send for help Airway Breathing
Circulation Defibrillation
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- Bruise Bruise forms when a blow breaks blood vessels near your
skin's surface, allowing a small amount of blood to leak into the
tissues under the skin What you need to do: If your skin isn't
broken, you don't need a bandage, Elevate the injured area. Apply
ice or a cold pack several times a day for a day or two after the
injury. Rest the bruised area, if possible. Consider
acetaminophen
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- CUTS/SUPERFICIAL ABRASION Treatment Cleanse thoroughly with
soap and water. Do not use hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, or other
disinfectant. Apply dry dressing (preferably sterile). Determine
individual's tetanus immunization status from school record.
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- Bleeding External or Internal External: Stop the bleeding Clean
wound thoroughly Apply an antibiotic Cover the wound Change the
dressing. Do not remove old dressing Get stitches for deep wounds
Internal Bleeding : Potentially life threatening
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- Head neck and back injury Most common cause is fall during play
Most common symptom- Bleeding What should be done? Stop bleeding.
If required get it sutured. Observe for signs of internal head
injury Vomiting Drowsiness Disorientation, confusion, memory loss,
Loc Bleeding from ears and/or nose, Marked swelling Seizures Severe
headache
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- Head injury Do not insert anything into the childs mouth
Control bleeding by applying direct pressure over the wound Do not
wash the wound if you suspect skull fractures Small cuts on face
may bleed excessively. Apply direct pressure with clean dressings
If dressings get soaked apply new one on the old. Dont remove old
ones If above signs absent, treat for headache
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- Treatment of Head injury Keep the child lying and quiet If
unconsious and neck injury suspected, Support head & turn
entire body to one side (log roll) Do not turn head if neck injury
is suspected Loosen cloth around neck Check for airway
obstruction
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- Broken bones Complaints of pain, tingling, and numbness
Feelings of cold Swelling Discoloration Treatment: Splint the
extremity
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- Broken bones
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- OPEN FRACTURE Complete break or crack, or in bone in which the
skin is broken. Child presents with Possible deformity Pain and
tenderness Bone piece sticking out of the wound Inability to use
the affected part normally Bleeding Injured area is cold and numb
Things to be done: Unless there is danger to life, do not move from
place of accident until affected limb has been properly supported
or immobilized. Immobilize Support with pillows, blankets,
broomstick,or uninjured limb, Apply ice/cold pack for 15
minutes
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- Dislocation Inability to move the affected part normally A
bump, ridge, or hollow that does not normally exist in a
nonfunctioning joint Pain Bruising Swelling Treatment Determine
cause Keep him calm and warm Do not attempt to put the part back in
place Support extremity with pillows, blankets, broomstick,
uninjured limb, etc., to reduce pain
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- Amputation If amputation is complete : Dos Locate severed body
part. Wrap part in clean sterile dressing. Place in plastic
airtight bag and lay bag in pan of water kept cool with ice packs.
Control bleeding Donts Dont wash severed part Do not put part
directly on ice. Never complete the amputation.
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- ALLERGIC REACTION Overreaction of the bodys immune system to
specific substances that it misidentifies as harmful How do the
kids present? Rashes Itching Swelling Red and hot skin Watering of
eyes, nose, Sneezing
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- Anaphylaxis- Severe Allergy Severe, sudden generalized reaction
that is potentially life threatening. Wheezing Breathing difficulty
Choking Swelling of body parts like lips, eyes. Skin is flushed and
dry or pale, cool, and clammy
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- Things to do for allergic reactions In mild cases Keep the
child away from allergen Apply cold compress Give antihistaminic
medicines In severe cases If wheezing,make him sit in comfortable
position Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket.
Don't give the person anything to drink. Get emergency treatment
even if symptoms start to improve
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- Asthma call ambulance: Difficulty breathing Inability to speak
more than 3-5 word sentences. Fast or Slow breathing Disoriented
& Bluish lips or nail Things to do: Make him sit comfortably
Loosen tight clothing Do NOT place a pillow under the person's
head. This can close the airway. Do NOT give the person food or
drink.
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- Bee and Wasp stings Local Reaction Intense pain A whitish bump
with a red dot in its center Swelling at the site of the sting
Chills Fever Muscle cramps, joint pain Severe Reaction Apprehension
Rash (particularly on face) Swelling of face and tongue Difficulty
breathing, wheezing, gurgling. Skin feels moist and or appears
flushed, pale or bluish
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- Bee and wasp stings TREATMENT Remove stinger as quickly as
possible. Apply cold compress to reduce pain and swelling. If the
sting is on the arm or leg, keep extremity below the level of the
heart. Give antihistaminics
- Slide 23
- ANIMAL BITE What should be done? Cleanse wound thoroughly with
soap and water for 5 minutes. Cover wound with clean bandage
(preferably sterile). Determine individual's tetanus immunization
status.. In Human bite determine Hepatitis B vaccination status If
allergic symptoms, Give antihistaminics
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- DENTAL PROBLEMS Baby teeth/ tooth loss Rinse mouth with warm
water. If bleeding, have individual bite on gauze for several
minutes. Send tooth home with individual in sealed container (e.g.,
envelope or plastic bag). Knocked out tooth Try to locate the tooth
Hold the tooth by its crown not the root Rinse the tooth gently
with water. Do not scrub Place the tooth in cold milk or water
Control bleeding by applying gentle pressure Apply cold pack for 15
min on face over injured area
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- Dental Problems Broken/ displaced tooth Broken braces Gently
clean dirt from the injured area with warm water. Apply ice/cold
pack -15 min on the face.(Do not apply ice directly to skin.) If
sharp tooth cover with gauze prevents cutting lips or cheek. Save
broken tooth fragments. If tooth has been pushed up into the gum,
do not attempt to pull it into position or move it. Cover ends of
broken braces and wires with wax or a piece of gauze. If wire
becomes stuck in the cheek or gum tissues, do not attempt to remove
it. If appliance is loose or broken, save any broken pieces. Call
parent and recommend follow-up dental care
- Slide 26
- Ear injuries Earache If discharge is present, wipe from outer
ear only. Allow free drainage. Call parent and recommend contact
with health provider.
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- Ear Problems cont. Foreign object in ear: Do not attempt to
remove object at school. Try using gravity to get the object out by
tilting the head to the affected side Call parent and recommend
contact with health provider. Bug in ear/INSECT IN EAR Place a few
drops of oil in the ear to quiet the insect. Only if visible try to
remove with tweezers Recommend follow-up medical care AVOID using
oil to remove any object other than an insect, since oil can cause
other kinds of objects to swell.
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- Eye Problems Foreign body: Pain Tearing Redness Scratchy
feeling in eye Vision changes Ask the child not to rub the eye
Flush with lukewarm water. Turn head to the side and pour water
from nose outward. If particle seems imbedded, do not attempt to
remove it. If object remains, cover both eyes loosely with gauze or
cloth to restrict eye movement.
- Slide 29
- Eye Problems CHEMICAL BURNS BRUISES/BLOWS Determine type of
chemical. If dry chemical, carefully brush off as much as possible,
avoiding additional skin contact. Immediately flush eye with large
quantities of cool water. Turn head to the side and pour water from
nose outward. Do not allow chemical to wash into unaffected eye. If
minor trauma apply ice/cold pack for 15 minutes to eye. (Do not
apply ice directly to skin.) Patch both eyes to minimize eye
movement, and refer for immediate medical care
- Slide 30
- Eye Problems (cont.) Conjuctivitis: Change in vision Painful
eye Feels like foreign body in eye for over 1 hour Experiences
flashing light or floaters in field Red, watery, swollen eyes Thick
yellow discharge Do not put a patch over a possible eye infection.
Exclude individual from school until condition has cleared up
- Slide 31
- Nose Problems Nose Bleeds Bleeding, Swelling, Choking, Bruising
Things to do: Make the child lean forward, make him breathe through
mouth Loosen anything around neck Pinch the side of nose against
septum for 5 to 10 min for clot to form
- Slide 32
- Nose Problems cont Foreign body in nose Pain Swelling Foul
smell What to do: Do not try to remove the object. Call the
doctor
- Slide 33
- Foreign body in throat Choking Ask him are you choking If
patient is unable to do all these he is choked Universal sign is
Clutching of neck Unable to speak Weak ineffective cough High
pitched sound or no sound while inhaling Breathing difficulty Blue
lips Things to do: Do not panic If the child can breathe, Speak or
cough do not interfere Stay with the child, encourage to cough out
the obstruction
- Slide 34
- Choking cont.. Heimlich maneuver Stand behind the child Wrap
arms around his waist Make fist Place the thumb side above the
navel, well below the breast bone Grasp your fist with other hand
Provide quick upward thrusts into the patients abdomen Repeat the
thrusts until the patient coughs up the object
- Slide 35
- Finger Injuries ( cont) Crush Injuries Amputated finger For
minor injury, such as shutting door on finger, apply ice/cold pack
for 15 minutes. (Do not apply ice directly to skin) Gently clean
the amputated part with water (preferably saline) Cover it in moist
gauze wrap Or clean paper towel Put it in a watertight bag Place
the bag on ice Do not put the amputated part directly in ice. You
could further damage Replantation- not possible after 12 hrs For
hand or arm its with in 6 hrs
- Slide 36
- Lead pencil puncture wound Lead contains graphite, it has no
other harmful effect other than staining the skin Complete recovery
is difficult What to do: If lead is superficially lodged remove by
tweezers. Do not push tweezers beneath the skin Wash with soap and
water Determine the childs tetanus immunization
- Slide 37
- Seizure
- Slide 38
- Place a cushion or blanket under the childs head Dont place
anything in the mouth Turn him to a side Do not hold or restrain
the child Clear the area around the child from sharp objects Loosen
tight clothes Do not give food, drink, or medicines during seizure
Remain with him during seizure and monitor the patient
- Slide 39
- Seizure cont. After the episode Allow individual to sleep in a
dark room as needed. (May last from 30 minutes to several hours.)
Record the length of the seizure and activity during and after the
seizure Check for injuries. See appropriate procedures for
treatment. If individual remains unconscious after seizure is over,
maintain open airway and continue to Keep individual
comfortable
- Slide 40
- Fainting Blurred vision Light-headedness Nausea Sweating Loss
of consciousness Position individual on back on a flat surface. If
other injuries are present, see appropriate procedures. If no
injuries, elevate legs 8-12 inches. Loosen clothing around neck and
waist. Apply cool, damp cloth to head. Continue to observe
carefully. Recovery should occur in 2 minutes.
- Slide 41
- Sprains/Strains Swelling Tenderness Pain upon motion
Discoloration RICE Strategy Rest and Keep individual warm and
comfortable. Ice/cold pack for 15 minutes to the area. (Do not
apply ice directly to skin.) Compression bandage- extend well
beyond injury. Immobilize extremity. Support with pillows,
blankets, broomstick, uninjured limb, etc. Elevate -If movement
does not cause pain, elevate affected part
- Slide 42
- BURNS CHEMICAL If the chemical is in a dry or powder form,
carefully brush it off the skin before flushing with water. Flush
skin or eye immediately with large amounts of cool water. Continue
flushing 30 minutes. If possible, remove outer clothing while burn
is being flushed. If available, follow directions on chemical
container. Electrical Do not try to pull away the child until power
source is switched off Wear gloves Cover the burnt area with a
sterile dry non sticky dressing Look for second burnt area where
electricity has left the body Treat for shock
- Slide 43
- Thermal burns Dos Cool the burn. Hold - running water for 10-15
min until pain subsides. Cover with a sterile gauze bandage If
blister is broken, wash with soap and water and apply dry bandage
Donts Don't use ice. Don't apply egg whites, butter or ointments to
the burn.. Don't break blisters Don't use fluffy cotton as
bandage
- Slide 44
- POISONINGS INGESTED/SWALLOWED NOTE: Ingested poisoning can
occur from drug overdoses, medication errors, household and
industrial Do not give any medication, food, or liquid until told
to do so by the doctor Do NOT induce vomiting unless you are told
to do so Do NOT try to neutralize the poison with lemon juice or
vinegar, or any other substance If the poison has spilled on the
person's clothes, remove the clothing and flush the skin with
water
- Slide 45
- Common ailments Fever Headache Oral temp 100 or more Headache,
watery eyes Cough, skin rash,Sorethroat Vomiting diarrhoea What to
do: Take temperature Make him lie down Dont cover him Apply cool
compress on forehead Isolate the child for benefit of others
Emergency care -when severe; persistent; severe with sudden onset;
If no head trauma Ask to lie down for 20-30 minutes in darkened
area. Check temperature. Place a cool cloth on the forehead to
promote relaxation. If headache persists, call parent for follow-up
medical care.
- Slide 46
- Drowning Clear airway Mouth to mouth breathing Cardiac massage
if heart sounds absent All cases should be hospitalized
- Slide 47
- Snake bite Fangmarks swelling/severe pain at the site Bloody
discharge from wound, Burning sensation Things to be done: Wash
wound with soap/water Immobilize the affected area Keep area
slightly elevated Apply cool compress/wet cloth to affected part
Apply a firm bandage 2-4 inches above bite to i. Prevent venom
spreading ii. Take care of any bleeding Monitor for pulse,
respiration and blood pressure
- Slide 48
- Mouth/Jaw Injuries Maintain open airway. If conscious, no neck
injuries are suspected, prop him up leaning forwardto allow blood
to drain. If lip penetrated, place a rolled dressing between the
lip and gum and another dressing on the outer surface of the lip.
Apply ice/cold pack for 15 minutes to reduce swelling and decrease
pain If tongue is bleeding, apply a dressing with gentle pressure.
Rinse mouth with cold water for 15minutes
- Slide 49
- CPR Cardio Pulmonary Resusitation: What is it? Maneuver to
revive breathing, & heart beat Give two breaths. To get the
breath in, tilt their head back gently by lifting their chin. Pinch
their nostrils closed, place your open mouth firmly over their open
mouth and blow firmly into their mouth
- Slide 50
- CPR Give Compressions: 30 compressions and two breaths Let
chest rise completely between pushes. Check for breathing 5 repeats
in 2 minutes until you get medical help or until the person
responds. How to give Compressions Place heel of one hand on the
center of the chest at the nipple line. You can also push with one
hand on top of the other. Press down about 2 inches. Make sure not
to press on ribs.
- Slide 51
- CPR
- Slide 52