Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder: A breakthrough technique GATS Proprietary Larry Gordley, GATS...

Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder:A breakthrough technique

GATS Proprietary

Larry Gordley, GATS Inc.

Dave Fritts, GATS Inc.

Tom Marshall, GATS Inc.

DWTS Instrument OverviewSpecifications:• Mass – 8 kg• Power – 12 W• Volume ~36x23x22 cm • Data rate < 30 kbps with low alt wind • Three 5.0 cm aperture thermal IR cameras

NO (hi alt) 1829 – 1873 wn13CO2 (mid alt) 2258 – 2282 wn,

N2O (for low alt wind) 2120 – 2160 wn• Static limb viewing, 20° FOV at velocity normal • T, V, N2O and 13CO2 mixing ratios, VER (NO and CO2)

Single telescope two-channel design above, hasevolved to three independent cameras, below.

GATS Proprietary

Temperature

Measures Low Pressure Doppler Broadened Emission

Line Width is proportional to square root of kinetic temperature

GATS Proprietary

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

Single Atmospheric Emission line

1

€

~ T

Emission lines are typically a few thousandths of a wavenumber wide, requiring optical resolving powers of 100,000 or more to measure.

Typically, good spectrometers achieve 10,000. DWTS achieves >300,000.

Doppler Shift Measurements

Broadband emission will not detect Doppler shift, nor will spectra measurements, unless there is a zero shift reference

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line 0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1

sign

al

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

sign

al

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1 shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

1 shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Doppler Spectral shift due to line-of-sight (LOS) relative air velocity

sign

al

Atmospheric spectral emission from one line

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

A Gas Filter Reference

DWTS “Notch” filter Approach

By viewing through a sample of the emitting gas, a filter is produced that causes a drop in signal during the Doppler

Integration Pass (DIP) through the zero shift position

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example.Gas cell acts as high resolution notch filter and

effectively serves as the zero shift reference point.

The “shift, Δν ” is the spectral separation of the cell spectra (black absorption feature) from the observed

atmospheric spectra (red emission feature).

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

2

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

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1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

sign

al

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

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1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1

sign

al

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

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Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

1

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Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

1

GATS Proprietary

2

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

1

1

GATS Proprietary

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

1

GATS Proprietary

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

1

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

1shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Δν

GATS Proprietary

1

Add Gas Cell – One Emission Line Example

sign

al

€

~ TC +TA

Cell Absorption and Atmospheric Emission

DIP width is proportional to square root of cell temperature

+ atmospheric temperature

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Multi-line Effect

The emission lines that match the corresponding cell gas lines (i.e.

“notch” filters), are scanned simultaneously, producing a DIP signal consistent with the total

multi-line emission. The DIP width is the same as the single line DIP.

GATS Proprietary

Two Line Example

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

1

21

sign

al

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

2

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Two Line Example

sign

al21

21

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

GATS Proprietary

Two Line Example

sign

al

21

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

21

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Two Line Example

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

1 2

1 2

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Two Line Example

sign

al

21

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

1 2

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Two Line Example

sign

al21

21

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

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Two Line Example

sign

al21

21

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0

Orbit Implementation

By imaging the limb, normal to the spacecraft (SC) velocity vector, air

parcels at all altitudes will produce a DIP signal as they traverse the FOV

(i.e the 2D detector array).

The animation tracks just one exaggerated Limb Air Volume (LAV).

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

21

sign

al

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

z

-10° +10°0° Angle from Velocity Normal

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Implementation, In-Orbit Observations

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Above, Spectra and Signal from one LAV

Figures below depict observation geometry

Observation Vectors

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

LAV

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

1 2

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

1 2

1 2

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

1 2

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

SCVelocity

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

140 different observation

angles during pass through FOV

140 shift observations as LAV passes through FOV

In-Orbit Observations

Angle from Velocity Normal(140 observations across FOV)

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

LOS Wind

Finite Line-of-Sight (LOS) wind will change the zero shift position.

The zero shift position for zero wind

is known to ± <0.1 m/s due to knowledge of SC velocity (± <<1m/s) and attitude (± <3

arcsec). Also, precise attitude knowledge permits statistical

calibration in orbit.

sign

al

Cell Absorption & Atmospheric Emission, two lines

21

21

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

SCVelocity

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

with ≅250 m/s LOS wind

2°

Apparent zero relative air

speed (shift) with ≅250

m/s LOS wind

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

In-Orbit Observations – LOS Wind Effect

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

The “Shift/Angle” Scale

Spectrally close lines (such as Lambda doublets for nitric oxide)

provide the measure of “shift/angle” scale.

The observed angle separating doublet DIP features is proportional to

relative AT air speed, which is proportional to SC velocity plus AT

wind.

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

21

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

1

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

In-Orbit Observations - Doublet Effect

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

1

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1

GATS Proprietary

2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

1

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1

GATS Proprietary

2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

1

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1

GATS Proprietary

2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

21

21

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

21

21

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1 2

GATS Proprietary

1 2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1 2

GATS Proprietary

1 2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

1 2

GATS Proprietary

1 2

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

21

21

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

sign

alSC

Velocity

21

21

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

2

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

2

GATS Proprietary

1

y

x

Altitude

z

-10° +10°0°

2

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

2

GATS Proprietary

1

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

2

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

2

GATS Proprietary

1

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

z

-10° +10°0°

21

2

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

SCVelocity

sign

al

Doublet Example

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

Doublet Effect

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observation Vectors

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

shift, Δν

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

AT Wind Measurement

The AT wind stretches or contracts the “shift/angle”

scale, providing the AT wind estimate.

y

x

Altitude

Δν (wavenumber) shift

ν (wavenumber, frequency)

z

-10° +10°

Doublet Example

0°

shift, Δν

sign

alSC

Velocity

21

21

In-Orbit Observations - Along Track (AT) Wind Effect

AT = 0 m/s

Relative Air Velocity due to SC

Limb Air Volume (LAV)

AT ≅ 700 m/s(AT same direction as SC)

Angle from Velocity Normal

Observations Through Limb Atmospheric Volume

Observation Vectors

DWTS FOVImaged on 2D Detector FPA

Limb Air Volume (LAV)viewed from above

0Observation Angle

GATS Proprietary

Current

Measurement Systems

GATS Proprietary

Current Measurement Systems

T, W2T, W1W1None

D

15 km2540

100

150

200

250 km N

T = Temperature, W1 – One Vector Wind, W2 – Two Vector Wind

Day Night

1 2 3 4 5 6

Typically a narrow slit, observing at a 45° degree angle to the spacecraft velocity vector, creates a spectrum that is used to deduce LOS Wind. The slit observations

are averaged from 150 km to sometimes over 700 km to obtain required S/N, producing an average wind over those same along-track distances.

Altitude range of current technology

products

150 km to700 km

GATS Proprietary

DWTS

Measurement Systems

GATS Proprietary

DWTS Measurement SystemAs the atmospheric limb air passes through the DWTS FOV, it is observed with 10 km resolution and at 140 different Doppler shifts. This provides the information necessary to infer profiles of wind and temperature (depicted by colored air emerging from the FOV) at a 7 km along-track

spacing with a 10 km along-track resolution.

T = Temperature, W1 – One Vector Wind, W2 – Two Vector Wind

Altitude range of DWTS products T, W2

T, W1W1None

D N

15 km2540

100

150

200

250 km

-10° +10°

DWTS FOV1000 km

0°

Day Night

Processed Profiles are Spaced at 7 km

GATS Proprietary

Summary

DWTS uses Gas Filter Correlation Radiometry and a simple, moderately cooled, static MIR camera to measure Wind and Temperature

from cloud-top to over 200 km day and night.

Considering cost, global coverage, continuity, spatial resolution, diurnal

capability, altitude range and simultaneity of Wind and Temperature, DWTS is projected to advance our capability of remotely sensing

upper atmosphere wind and temperature by more than 3 orders of magnitude.

GATS Inc.11864 Canon Blvd., Suite 101Newport News, VA 23606 USAwww.gats-inc.com

GATS Proprietary

Larry Gordley l.l.gordley@gats-inc.com

Dave Fritts d.c.fritts@gats-inc.com

Tom Marshall b.t.marshall@gats-inc.com

Doppler wind and temperature sounder: new approach using gas filter radiometry

Larry L. Gordley and Benjamin T. Marshall, “Doppler wind and temperature sounder: new approach using gas filter radiometry”, J. Appl. Remote Sens. 5, 053570 (2011); doi:10.1117/1.3666048.