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DOCUMENTINGRESEARCH
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The Fundamental Principles of
Good Writing: Documentation
borrowing information from various sources is
not only an optionit is a necessity
one walks the fine line between the properdocumentation/attribution of sources and
plagiarism
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Plagiarismthe act of
passing off as onesown the ideas or
writings of another
(http://www.georgetown.edu/honor/plagiarism.html)
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Why document sources?
To establish the validity of findings andfacts included in the report
To give proper credit to the creator of theinformation
To provide the audience with informations/he might need or want about the
subject matter that you have borrowed orobtained from another source
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What should be documented?
If you used someone elses ideascite the source
If you received specific help fromsomeone in writing the paperacknowledge their inputs
If you quoted someones words in
your own reportattribute in full
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What should be documented?
*** If you quote verbatim 250
or more successive wordsfrom a published source,
you must obtain formal
permission to use thatmaterial.
(Weisman, 1985)
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How do you document?
Internal referencing at the point of use
Full bibliographic referencing at the endof the text
...theAmerican Psychological Association(APA) Style is preferred in the socialsciences and business
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What does APA
regulate?Stylistics
In-text citations
References (a list of all
the sources used in thepaper)
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APA Stylistics: BasicsUSE: the third person point of view rather than
using the first person point of view or thepassive voice;e.g., The study showed that, NOT
I found out that.
the active voice rather than passivevoice;e.g., The participants responded, NOT
The participants have been asked.
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For clarity, be specific rather than vague indescriptions and explanations. Unpack detailsaccurately to provide adequate information to your
readers so they can follow the development of yourstudy.
Example:
POOR: "It was predicted that marital conflictwould predict behavior problems inschool-aged children.
BETTER: "The first hypothesis stated that maritalconflict would predict behaviorproblems in school-aged children. Thesecond hypothesis stated that the effect
would be stronger for girls than for boys.The third hypothesis stated that older girlswould be more affected by maritalconflict than younger girls."
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To be more concise, particularly inintroductory material or abstracts, youshould pare out unnecessary words andcondense information when you can.
"The authors wanted to investigate whethermarital conflict would predict behaviorproblems in children and they wanted toknow if the effect was greater for girls than
for boys, particularly when they examinedtwo different age groups of girls."
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Word choice
Use terms like "participants" or "respondents"(rather than "subjects") to indicate howindividuals were involved in your research
Use terms like "children" or "communitymembers" to provide more detail about whowas participating in the study
Use phrases like "The evidencesuggests..." or
"Our study indicates..." rather than referring to"proof" or "proves" because no single study canprove a theory or hypothesis
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Avoid poetic language
Therefore, you should: minimize the amount of figurative language
used in an APA paper, such as metaphors andanalogies unless they are helpful in conveyinga complex idea
avoid rhyming schemes, alliteration, or otherpoetic devices typically found in verse
use simple, descriptive adjectives and plainlanguage that does not risk confusing your
meaning
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Avoid bias in language Make adjustments to label Avoid gendered pronouns
APA does not recommend replacing "he"
with "he or she," "she or he," "he/she," "(s)he,""s/he," or alternating between "he" and"she" because these substitutions areawkward and can distract the reader fromthe point you are trying to make. Thepronouns "he" or "she" inevitably cause thereader to think of only that gender, whichmay not be what you intend.
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To avoid the bias of using gendered pronouns: Rephrase the sentence Use plural nouns or plural pronouns - this way
you can use "they" or "their"
Replace the pronoun with an article - insteadof "his," use "the"
Drop the pronoun - many sentences sound fineif you just omit the troublesome "his" from the
sentence Replace the pronoun with a noun such as
"person," "individual," "child," "researcher," etc.
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Language in an APA paper
is...
clear: be specific in descriptions andexplanations
concise: condense information whenyou can
plain: use simple, descriptive adjectivesand minimize the figurative language
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General Document FormatGuidelines (APA Style)
Margins1 on all sides
Font12 pts. Times New Roman, Courier or
Arial
Spacingdouble
Alignmentflush left
Paragraph indentions5 to 7 spaces
Pagination1 from the rightmost edge; firstline
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On standard size paper8 x 11
Include a page header (short title &page number) in the upper right-hand ofevery page
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Types of APA Papers
the literature review --i.e. the summary of what the scientific literature
says about the topic of your research includes title page, introduction, list of references
the experimental report --i.e. the description of your experimental
research--
includes title page, abstract, introduction,method, results, discussion, references,appendices, tables & figures
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If your paper fits neither of the categoriesmentioned
follow the general format
consult an instructor
consult Publication Manual
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References
Conclusion
Your paper
should
include fivemajor
sections:Main Body
Introduction
Title page
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Page header:(use Insert Page Header)
2-3 words of the title+
5 spaces +page number
Fantasy Theme Analysis1
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Title Page
It All Started with a Playful Kiss: A Fantasy Theme
Analysis of Itazura Na Kiss
as Plotline of Online
Fan Fictions
A Library Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in English Language
Jahzeel A. Luna-Sarmiento
Enverga University
October 2012
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Center the title
References-- at the top
of the page
Double-space
reference entries
Flush left the first line
of the entry and indent
subsequent lines
Order entries
alphabetically by the
authors surnames
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Main Body (Text)
The first text page is page number 2
Type the text double-spaced with allsections following each other without abreak
Identify the sources you use in the paperin parenthetical in-text citations
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APA Citation: Basics When using APA format, follow the author-date
method of in-text citation. This means that theauthor's last name and the year of publication for
the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones,1998), and a complete reference should appearin the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another workbut NOTdirectly quoting the material, or makingreference to an entire book, article or other work,you only have to make reference to the authorand year of publication in your in-text reference.
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In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
Always capitalize proper nouns, including authornames and initials: D. Jones.
If you refer to the title of a source within yourpaper, capitalize all words that are four letterslong or greater within the title of a source:Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply toshort words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns,adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media,There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
(Note:in your References list, only the first word ofa title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
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When capitalizing titles, capitalize bothwords in a hyphenated compound word:Natural-Born Cyborgs.
Capitalize the first word after a dash orcolon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Caseof Hitchcock's Vertigo.
Italicize or underline the titles of longer
works such as books, edited collections,movies, television series, documentaries,or albums: The Closing of the AmericanMind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
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Put quotation marks around the titles of shorterworks such as journal articles, articles fromedited collections, television series episodes,and song titles:
"Multimedia Narration: Constructing PossibleWorlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
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Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need toinclude the author, year of publication, and the pagenumber for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introducethe quotation with a signal phrase that includes theauthor's last name followed by the date of publication inparentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficultyusing APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p.199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficultyusing APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this havefor teachers? If the author is not named in a signalphrase, place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page number in parentheses afterthe quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficultyusing APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did notoffer an explanation as to why.
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In-Text Citations (Basics)
Whenever you use a source, provide inparenthesis:
the authors name and the date ofpublication
for quotations and close paraphrases,provide a page number as well
In-text citations help readers locate the cited
source in the References section of the paper.
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In-Text Citation: Format for a
QuotationWhen quoting, introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase.
Make sure to include theauthors name, the year of
publication, the page number,
but keep the citation briefdo
not repeat the information.
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In-Text Citation: Format for a
QuotationWhen quoting, introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase.
Make sure to include theauthors name, the year of
publication, the page number,
but keep the citation briefdo
not repeat the information.
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Example of format for aquotation
Ball (2001) posited that the SymbolicConvergence Theory which was introduces at theUniversity of Minnesota in the 1970s, takes its roots from
both rhetoric and social science combining the analysisof language used in texts with the enculturation of thesocietal context in which it is created(p.18).
Bruns Theory of Produsage specificallydiscusses the production and consumption of content in
the context of a society now infiltrated by new medis,where users are now also producers (Braga, 2011,p.37).
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Format for a summary orparaphrase
There are several formats for a summary orparaphrase:
provide the authors last name
and the year of publication inparenthesis after a summary or aparaphrase, e.g.
Typically, fantasy types are represented bycomments that are more abstract, cryptic, or moregeneral than what has initially been characterizedas a fantasy theme (Shields & Preston, 1985).
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include the authors name in a
signal phrase followed by theyear of publication inparenthesis, e.g.
Recently, the history of warfare has beensignificantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987),Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) toinclude womens personal and cultural
responses to battle and its resultant traumaticeffects.
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when including the quotation
in a summary/paraphrase,also provide a page numberin parenthesis after the
quotation, e.g.
According to feminist researchers Raitt andTate (1997), It is no longer true to claim that
women's responses to the war have beenignored (p. 2).
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In-Text Citations: Signal Words
Introduce quotations with signal phrases,e.g.
According to Preston (2008), . (p.3).
Preston (2008) argues that (p.3).
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Signal phrase used to introduce a short quotation,paraphrase, or summary, mention the author's name
either in an introductory signal phrase or in aparenthetical reference immediately following thesignal phrase and containing the publication date
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Use such signal verbs as: acknowledge,contend, maintain, respond, report, argue,conclude, etc..
Use the past tense or the present perfecttense of verbs in signal phrases, e.g.
Jones (1998) foundor Jones (1998) hasfound...
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In-Text Citations: A work with
two authors when citing a work with two
authors, use and in betweenauthors name in the signal phrase
yet & between their names inparenthesis, e.g.
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate(1997), It is no longer true to claim that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored (p. 2).
Some feminists researchers question that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored (Raitt & Tate,1997, p. 2).
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In-Text Citations: A work with 3
to 5 authors when citing a work with three to five
authors,
identify all authors in the signal phrase
or in parenthesis, e.g.
(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations, only use thefirst
author's last name followed by "et al." in
the
si nal hrase or in arentheses e. .
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In-Text Citations: A work with 6
and more authors when citing a work with six and more authors,
identify the first authors name followed by etal., e.g.
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that.
(Smith et al., 2006)
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In-Text Citations: A work of
unknown authorwhen citing a work of unknown author,
use the sources full title in the signalphrase and cite the first word of the title
followed by the year of publication inparenthesis. Put titles of articles andchapters in quotation marks; italicizetitles of books and reports; e.g.
According to Indiana Joins FederalAccountability System (2008),
or(Indiana, 2008)
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In-Citations: Organizations
when citing an organization, mention theorganization the first time when you cite thesource in the signal phrase or the parentheticalcitation; e.g.,
The data collected by Federal DrugAdministration (2008) confirmed that
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,include the abbreviation in brackets the first time thesource is cited and then use only the abbreviation inlater citations; e.g.,
Federal Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed ...FDAs experts tested
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In-Text Citations: The same last
name/the same name when citing authors with the same last names,
use first initials with the last names, e.g.
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
when citing two or more works by the sameauthor published in the same year, use
lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year ofpublication to order the references, e.g.
Smiths (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants
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In-Text Citations: Personal
communicationwhen citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,include the communicators name, the fact that
it
was personal communication, and the date ofthe
communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference list, e.g.
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her
students
had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).or
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In-Text Citations: Electronic
sourceswhen citing an electronic document, whenever
possible, cite it in the author-date style.
If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate
and identify paragraph number/paragraphheading; e.g.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over
Mattersection, para. 6).
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Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited in anothersource, name the original source in your signalphrase. List the primary source in your reference listand include the secondary source in the
parentheses.
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).
Note: When citing material in parentheses, set offthe citation with a comma, as above.
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References: Basics Invert authors names (last name first
followed by initials).
Ayala, C. O. J. (2009). Communicare.
Lucena City: Lucena Quality Printers.
Alphabetize reference list entries the lastname of the first author of each work.
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Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books andjournals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes aroundthe titles of shorter works such as journal articlesor essays in edited collections.
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Capitalize only the first letter of the firstword of a title and subtitle, the first wordafter a colon or a dash in the title, andproper nouns. Do not capitalize the firstletter of the second word in a
hyphenated compound word.
Ayala, C. O. J. (2009). Communicare: A manual in speech and oral
communication. Lucena City: Lucena Quality Printers.
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Reference List: Author/Authors Single Author
Last name first, followed by author initials.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
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Two AuthorsList by their last names and initials. Use theampersand instead of "and."
Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Moodmanagement across affective states: Thehedonic contingency hypothesis.Journal ofPersonality & Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
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Three to Six AuthorsList by last names and initials; commas separateauthor names, while the last author name ispreceded again by ampersand.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., &
Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than
whether it is high or low: The importance of stability
of self-esteem.Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
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More Than Six Authors
If there are more than six authors, list thefirst six and then "et al.," which stands for
"and others." Remember NOT to place a
period after "et" in "et al.
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D.,
DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing
labs and the Hollywood connection.Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.
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Organization as Author
American Psychological Association. (2003).
Unknown Author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary(10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster. NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources
with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's titleinstead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics asappropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the twosources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993)and ("New Drug," 1993).
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Two or More Works by the Same AuthorUse the author's name for all entries and list theentries by the year (earliest comes first).
Berndt, T.J. (1981).
Berndt, T.J. (1999).
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When an author appears both as a sole author
and, in another citation, as the first author of a
group, list the one-author entries first.
Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends' influence on
students' adjustment to school. Educational
Psychologist, 34, 15-28.
Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends'influence on adolescents' adjustment to
school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.
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Articles in Periodicals
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages.
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Article in Journal Paginated by VolumeJournals that are paginated by volume begin withpage one in issue one, and continue numberingissue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles.Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55,
893-896.
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Article in Journal Paginated by IssueJournals paginated by issue begin with pageone every issue; therefore, the issue numbergets indicated in parentheses after thevolume. The parentheses and issue numberare not italicized or underlined.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The
New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
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Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
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Article in a Newspaper
Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp.precedes page numbers for anewspaper reference in APA style.Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2;
multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen
state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
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Article from an online
periodicalBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.A List Apart: For
People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human
rights.Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20, 2001,
from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
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Online Newspaper Article
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry
handbook linked to drug industry. The New
York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
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Electronic BooksElectronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases,or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using isonly provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is notdirectly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from," ratherthan "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it.
De Huff, E.W. Taytaystales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales.
Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/
taytay.html
Davis, J. Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-
9780931686108-0
APA is a complex system of citation which is
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APA is a complex system of citation, which isdifficult to keep in mind. When compiling thereference list, the strategy below might be
useful:
Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journalarticle? A webpage?
Mirror the sample.
Make sure that the entries are listed in the
alphabetical order and the subsequent linesare indented.
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Thank you!
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