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Stage 3 Road Safety Audit
Document: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version: 2
Greater Bristol Bus Network, Whiteladies Road
Bristol City Council
28 June 2012
Halcrow Group Limited
Elms House, 43 Brook Green, London W6 7EF
Tel +44 20 3479 8000 Fax +44 20 3479 8001
halcrow.com
Halcrow Group Limited is a CH2M HILL company
Halcrow Group Limited has prepared this report in accordance with
the instructions of client Bristol City Council for the client’s sole and specific use.
Any other persons who use any information contained herein do so at their own risk.
© Halcrow Group Limited 2012
Stage 3 Road Safety Audit
Greater Bristol Bus Network, Whiteladies Road
Bristol City Council
28 June 2012
Stage 3 Road Safety Audit
Document history
Stage 3 Road Safety Audit
Greater Bristol Bus Network, Whiteladies Road, Bristol
Bristol City Council
This document has been issued and amended as follows:
Version Date Description Created by Verified by Approved by
1.0 31/05/12 Draft A Foale D Cox AF
2.0 26/06/12 Draft A Foale D Cox AF
2.0 28/06/12 Final A Foale D Cox AF
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 General Issues 2 2.1 Surfacing 2
2.1.1 Location: Scheme wide 2
2.2 Signing 2
2.2.1 Location: Scheme wide 2
2.3 Pedestrians/Cyclists 3
2.3.1 Location: Scheme wide 3
2.3.2 Location: Scheme wide 3
2.3.3 Location: Scheme wide 4
2.4 Bus shelters 4
2.4.1 Location: Various 4
2.5 Buildouts 4
2.5.1 Location: Various 4
3 Route Issues 6 3.1 Various 6
3.1.1 Location: Westbury Road 6
3.1.2 Location: Westbury Road southbound approach to Whitetree Roundabout 7
3.1.3 Location: Whitetree Roundabout bus stops 7
3.1.4 Location: North View 8
3.1.5 Location: Blackboy Junction 9
3.1.6 Location: Wellington Park/Whiteladies Road 10
3.1.7 Location: Whiteladies Road/Burlington Road 11
3.1.8 Location: Whiteladies Road adjacent to Redland Park 11
3.1.9 Location: Whiteladies Road/Ashgrove Road 12
3.1.10 Location: Whiteladies Road/Chantry Road 12
3.1.11 Location: Whatley Road/Whiteladies Road 13
3.1.12 Location: Cotham Hill/Whiteladies Road junction 13
3.1.13 Location: Aberdeen Road/Whiteladies Road 14
3.1.14 Location: Whiteladies Road/Oakfield Road 14
3.1.15 Location: Whiteladies Road/West Park 15
3.1.16 Location: Whiteladies Road/St Pauls Road Junction 15
3.1.17 Location: Whiteladies Road/Queens Road junction 16
3.1.18 Location: Queens Road 18
3.1.19 Location: Whiteladies Road near Frog Lane 19
4 Audit Team Statement 20
Appendices
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
1
1 Introduction
This report results from a Stage 3 Road Safety Audit carried out on bus stop
improvement scheme on Whiteladies Road in Bristol from the city boundary College
Green. The scheme consists of the provision of new bus stops with associated
kerbing and modifications to junctions.
Road safety audit is a formal independent procedure for assessing accident potential
and safety performance in the provision of new road schemes, and schemes for the
improvements and maintenance of existing roads. However, its sympathetic
application can also ensure that a growing awareness of good road safety principles
is achieved throughout any highway commissioning, design, construction or
maintenance organisation.
Road safety audit is not a design check or a consideration of the overall general
principles behind a scheme unless they have road safety implications.
The scheme extends over a distance of approximately 5 km. This report identifies
each problem as it occurs along the route from the city boundary travelling
southbound into the city centre. Some of the works had not been completed at the
time of the audit in particular those associated with Parry’s Lane and Whitetree
roundabout.
The Audit Team membership was as follows: -
Alison Foale BEng (Hons) MSc CMILT - Halcrow Group Ltd, Swindon
Darren Cox – Halcrow Group Ltd, Bristol
This report is presented based upon the checklist contained in Annex C of HD19/03.
The team has examined and reported only on the road safety implications of the
design and has not examined or verified the compliance of the layout to any other
criteria, in accordance with HD 19/03.
A visit to the site was made on Monday 21 May 2012 between 10.30 and 15.00 hours
when the weather was fine and the road surface was dry. A night time audit was
undertaken on Tuesday 29th May 2012.
Stage 1 and 2 Road Safety Audits were not undertaken on this scheme.
The Audit Team were supplied with a list of “concerns” resulting from a walk
through of the scheme attended by Bristol City Council Officers and local
Councillors. Each concern was considered by the audit team during the site visit and
those that represented a road safety problem have been incorporated into this report.
A list of the information supplied to the audit team in advance of the audit is
contained within Appendix A.
Each of the problems identified by the Audit Team has been allocated a unique
reference number and is as shown on the plan extracts contained within Appendix C.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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2 General Issues
2.1 Surfacing
2.1.1 Location: Scheme wide
Summary: Missing high friction surfacing
Buff high friction surfacing (hfs) is shown within the central median strip on the
scheme drawings although has not been consistently implemented. Without the
contrasting colour the effectiveness of the strip is reduced and could result in some
drivers using it for inappropriate waiting/parking.
Recommendation
Provide hfs in accordance with the scheme drawings.
2.2 Signing
2.2.1 Location: Scheme wide
Summary: Bus lane signing has not been implemented
Where bus lanes have been introduced along the route the associated bus lane signs
have not been comprehensively implemented. The lack of appropriate signing may
lead to the mis-use of the bus lane or drivers being unaware that they are joining a
bus lane resulting in late lane changing.
It has not been possible to comment on the visibility aspects of these signs or the
appropriateness of their positions.
Recommendation
Provide bus lane signing in accordance with Local Transport Note 1/97 ‘Keeping
Buses Moving.’
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2.3 Pedestrians/Cyclists
2.3.1 Location: Scheme wide
Summary: Confusing use of tactile paving
At a number of locations along the route dropped kerbs with buff tactile paving have
been provided for cyclists to gain access either to or from the carriageway. These
facilities are not signed and in some instances they encourage cyclists to join the
footway where there is not necessarily a cycle facility. At some locations corduroy
paving has been used to highlight to the visually impaired that they are joining an
area where there may be cyclists but this is not consistent along the route.
The second issue associated with these access points is that buff tactile paving is used
which could encourage pedestrians to cross at these locations which may not be
suitable. Often there is not a similar facility on the opposite side of the carriageway
which could result in pedestrians tripping on the opposite kerb if they cross at these
locations.
Recommendation
Remove the tactile paving at these locations and sign the facilities.
2.3.2 Location: Scheme wide
Summary: Trip hazards at dropped crossings
There are a number of locations where the upstand at dropped crossings is excessive
or the tactile paving has been laid unevenly increasing the risk of pedestrians
tripping and falling.
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Recommendation
Ensure that the upstands at dropped crossing points do not exceed the recommended
maximum.
2.3.3 Location: Scheme wide
Summary: Evidence of standing water
There are a number of locations along the route where there is evidence of standing
water primarily at pedestrian crossings. During the winter months this water could
freeze and increase the risk of pedestrians slipping and falling.
Recommendation
Provide positive drainage at these locations.
2.4 Bus shelters
2.4.1 Location: Various
Summary: Lighting units
During the night inspection the lighting at a number of the bus shelters was not
operating reducing the security of pedestrians waiting at the stops.
Recommendation
Ensure all lighting units are operating.
2.5 Buildouts
2.5.1 Location: Various
Summary: Risk of collision.
During the night inspection the conspicuity of some buildouts either at junctions or
bus stops was not always clear. The Audit Team are concerned that vehicles could
strike the buildouts resulting in injury to waiting pedestrians or loss of control of the
vehicle.
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Recommendation
Provide reflectorised bollards at vulnerable locations.
Where bollards are already provided introduce reflective bands to increase
conspicuity.
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3 Route Issues
3.1 Various
3.1.1 Location: Westbury Road
Summary: On street parking restricts access
A pedestrian refuge has been provided on Westbury Road to the north of Henleaze
Road. Visibility from the crossing northbound is restricted by on street parking
which extends to within 3m of the refuge. The Audit Team are concerned that if
vehicles park that close to the refuge buses will be unable to pass.
An access for cyclists has been provided on the west side of Westbury Road adjacent
to the pedestrian refuge. Corduroy surfacing has been provided within the footway
to indicate to pedestrians that they are joining an area where there may be cyclists
however there are no signs to indicate that this is a segregated footway/cycle route.
On the north side of the refuge a right turn lane for cyclists using the access has been
provided within the hatching which has not been removed. With no signing of this
facility cyclists may not use it and drivers may not anticipate cyclists moving into the
centre of the carriageway, increasing the risk of collisions.
Recommendation
Extend the waiting restrictions to ensure that buses can manoeuvre past the refuge
and that pedestrians have sufficient visibility from the crossing.
Remove hatching in the cycle right turn lane and provide appropriate signing of the
facility. The tactile paving is addressed in 2.3.1.
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3.1.2 Location: Westbury Road southbound approach to Whitetree Roundabout
Summary: Lane markings are not aligned
Carriageway markings on the southbound approach to the roundabout direct
vehicles in lane 2 into the zig zag markings increasing the risk of head on collisions
with vehicles exiting the roundabout northbound.
Because of the introduction of the bus lane the existing high friction surfacing only
extends halfway across lane 2 increasing the risk of differential skidding. The hfs has
also been removed where old lane markings have been removed.
Recommendation
Re-line the southbound approach so that the lanes align.
Extend the hfs across the whole of lane 2 southbound approach.
3.1.3 Location: Whitetree Roundabout bus stops
Summary: Pedestrian access to the bus stops
The zig zag markings on the northbound Westbury Road exit from the roundabout
do not extend up to the northbound bus stop. Vehicles could park in this gap
obstructing the bus stop.
The footway from Westbury Park is ramped in the vicinity of the southbound bus
stop. The Audit Team are concerned that pedestrians with reduced mobility may
find that the gradient makes it difficult to access the stop. The tactile paving on the
east side of Westbury Road does not include a stem indicating to visually impaired
pedestrians that they are at a controlled crossing. There is also a gap on the south
side of the footway where a visually impaired pedestrian could walk past the tactile
paving directly into the carriageway.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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Recommendation
Extend the zig zag markings up to the bus stop.
Reprofile the footway and provide tactile paving in accordance with the DfT
Guidance on the provision of tactile surfaces.
3.1.4 Location: North View
Summary: Lack of cycle route signing
A right turn cycle facility is provided in the splitter island on North View for cyclists
intending to use Westbury Park southbound. The facility is not signed and drivers
may not anticipate cyclists moving across into the centre of the carriageway.
Westbury Park is one way northbound. ‘No entry’ signs have been provided but
‘except cyclists’ supplementary plates have not which could result in cyclists being
unsure that they can use the facility.
No signs were observed on Westbury Park indicating to drivers travelling
northbound that cyclists are permitted to use the carriageway southbound increasing
the risk of collisions with cyclists.
The splitter island on Westbury Park has a kink at the southern end. The Audit Team
are concerned that cyclists, particularly at night, may not be aware of this and strike
the kerb, potentially unseating the rider. There is also a lot of detritus in the cycle
channel suggesting that water collects in this location. In winter this could freeze
resulting in loss of control accidents.
Recommendation
Provide appropriate signing of the cycle route and the no entry.
Use carriageway markings to guide cyclists past the ‘kink’ in the splitter island and
ensure that the positive drainage at this location is adequate.
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3.1.5 Location: Blackboy Junction
Summary: Lack of tactile paving at zebra crossings
No tactile paving has been provided at the zebra crossings on Upper Belgrave Road.
The adjacent zebra crossing has tactile surfacing which could lead to confusion for
visually impaired pedestrians who may proceed to walk into the carriageway.
The markings associated with waiting restrictions on Stoke Road do not extend up to
the junction. Vehicles can park up to the stopline, restricting movements at the
junction and reducing forward visibility. Carriageway markings associated with the
advance cycle stop lines have not been completed.
There are a number of missing sign faces at the junction, probably direction signs,
which could result in drivers making late lane changes.
Some obsolete carriageway markings are still in place on the Upper Belgrave Road
approach to Stoke Road. Pedestrians using the controlled crossing may be confused
by the two sets of markings.
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10
The off side no entry sign on the Stoke Road northwest approach to the signals is
located within the tactile paving which could result in visually impaired pedestrians
walking into it.
The bus cage on Stoke Road has not been marked out in the right place which could
result in buses stopping away from the raised kerbs. It will also extend into the
advisory cycle lane.
Hatching has not been provided where the Stoke Road northeast approach and
Upper Belgrave Road approach diverge leaving a large area of carriageway which
drivers could use if congested.
Recommendations
Provide appropriate tactile paving at the zebra crossings.
Extend waiting restrictions on Stoke Road and provide missing carriageway
markings associated with the advance cycle stop lines.
Provide missing sign faces.
Remove obsolete carriageway markings.
Relocate no entry sign to the back of footway.
Reposition the bus cage markings on Stoke Road and amend the advisory cycle lane.
Provide hatching to help emphasise the edge of the cycle lane.
3.1.6 Location: Wellington Park/Whiteladies Road
Summary: Missing central island
A number of the improvements indicated on the drawings have not been completed
including the provision of one of the central islands and the removal of a kink in the
footway which could result in vehicles clipping the kerb.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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The tactile paving on the southside of Woodbury Lane is uneven and could result in
pedestrians tripping and falling.
Recommendation
Complete these aspects of the scheme.
3.1.7 Location: Whiteladies Road/Burlington Road
Summary: Reduced visibility of signs
Burlington Road is one way westbound. The no entry signs provided at the entry to
Burlington Road are not clearly visible to southbound vehicles on Whiteladies Road
increasing the risk of head on collisions if a vehicle incorrectly turns into the junction.
Recommendation
Ensure that no entry signs are clearly visible to traffic travelling in both directions on
Whiteladies Road.
3.1.8 Location: Whiteladies Road adjacent to Redland Park
Summary: Poor visibility from uncontrolled crossing point
An uncontrolled pedestrian crossing has been provided to the south of Redland Park.
Parking within the northbound bus lane restricts visibility for pedestrians at this
crossing point and results in them walking into the carriageway in order to establish
if it is clear to cross.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
12
Recommendation
Improve visibility at this crossing point by removing some of the on street parking.
3.1.9 Location: Whiteladies Road/Ashgrove Road
Summary: Lack of signing and carriageway markings
The scheme drawings indicate that Ashgrove Road is no entry from Whiteladies
Road except for cyclists. No signing or carriageway markings have been provided
resulting in drivers continuing to turn into Ashgrove Road from Whiteladies Road
increasing the risk of head on collisions.
Recommendation
Provide appropriate signing for the junction.
3.1.10 Location: Whiteladies Road/Chantry Road
Summary: Lack of tactile paving
Tactile paving has not been used within a large utility cover resulting in an area of
the crossing without tactile paving. This could result in a visually impaired
pedestrian misinterpreting the tactiles and continuing unaware of the crossing point.
At other locations within the scheme tactile paving has been incorporated within the
utility covers.
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Recommendation
Provide tactile paving consistently within utility covers.
3.1.11 Location: Whatley Road/Whiteladies Road
Summary: Missing ‘keep left’ sign
The new central island to the south of Whatley Road is missing a ‘keep left’ sign for
northbound traffic. The island could be struck, which is more evident at night. On
some of the approaches to the central islands, including this one, hatching has been
omitted which could result in drivers not being guided past the island.
Recommendation
Provide a ‘keep left’ sign.
Provide hatching where necessary.
3.1.12 Location: Cotham Hill/Whiteladies Road junction
Summary: Insufficient offset to existing controller/air quality monitoring box
An existing controller/air quality monitoring box is located less than 300mm from the
edge of the carriageway. Buses approaching the bus stop which is now an online
stop rather than a bus bay maybe at more risk of striking it as they align themselves
with the raised kerbs.
The carriageway at the tactile paving on the northside of Cotham Hill is very uneven.
A visually impaired pedestrian having located the crossing using the tactile paving
could trip and fall once in the carriageway.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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Recommendation
Relocate the box.
Resurface the carriageway at the uncontrolled crossing.
3.1.13 Location: Aberdeen Road/Whiteladies Road
Summary: Inconsistent signing of cycle lanes
Cycle symbols are shown on the scheme drawings across the junctions with West
Park and Aberdeen Road. These had not been introduced at the time of the audit and
are not consistent with the signing of cycle routes infront of side roads on Fishponds
Road. Lack of consistency could result in cyclists being unsure of the most
appropriate alignment at junctions.
Recommendation
Ensure that the signing of cycle lanes is consistent along all the bus routes.
3.1.14 Location: Whiteladies Road/Oakfield Road
Summary: Incomplete paving and obsolete lighting column within tactile paving
On the west side of the zebra crossing the surfacing around a utility cover has not
been finished and could result in a pedestrian tripping and falling.
On the north side of Oakfield Road there is an obsolete lighting column within the
tactile paving. Visually impaired pedestrians are at risk of colliding with the column.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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An existing bus lane sign on the south side of Belgrave Road has been rotated
reducing the effectiveness of the sign.
Recommendation
Ensure paving around utility cover is finished.
Remove obsolete post.
Rotate the sign face.
3.1.15 Location: Whiteladies Road/West Park
Summary: Poor visibility from junction
Visibility from West Park is restricted by the on street parking located between the
zebra crossing and the junction increasing the risk of failure to giveway collisions.
Recommendation
Remove this section of parking.
3.1.16 Location: Whiteladies Road/St Pauls Road Junction
Summary: Uncontrolled crossing within advance cycle stop line
On the southbound approach to the signalised junction a cycle access point is
provided from within the advance cycle stopline. As there are no controlled
pedestrian crossing facilities on this approach, pedestrians may misinterpret this
dropped kerb as a crossing particularly as there is one on the opposite side of the
carriageway. This could encourage pedestrians to cross the carriageway where
cyclists could be manoeuvring and where vehicles could have incorrectly entered the
advance cycle stop line reservoir.
Movements at the junction are restricted with banned movements indicated on the
signal heads. No lane markings or clear advance signing to assist drivers in
understanding which movements are prohibited have been provided. The buildout
on the southwest corner of the junction has been hit and the Audit Team are
concerned that some drivers may be making prohibited movements at the junction
and hitting the buildout. This could increase the risk of collisions at the junction and
put more vulnerable road users at risk.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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The scheme drawings indicate that box markings were to be used at the junction. At
the time of the audit the markings were not in place.
During the night inspection this area was quite ‘gloomy’ due to substantial trees
obscuring some of the street lighting. The Audit Team are concerned that drivers
may not be fully aware of the buildout.
Recommendation
Remove this uncontrolled crossing point.
Provide advance direction signing and lane markings to indicate to drivers on each
approach which movements are permitted. Provide swept path analysis to ensure
that all permitted movements can be accommodated at the junction. Provide a
reflectorised bollard on the leading edge of the buildout.
Provide box markings at the junction.
3.1.17 Location: Whiteladies Road/Queens Road junction
Summary: Various
The cycle lane provided southbound on Whiteladies Road is shown as advisory on
the scheme drawings but has been implemented as mandatory. This requires more
statutory signing which has not been provided.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
17
The zig zag markings on the south side of the zebra crossing on Whiteladies Road
and carriageway markings on Queens Road have not been removed effectively and
are still visible at night, potentially guiding drivers into the wrong lane.
Tactile paving has not been provided at the entrance to the Bristol University School
of Music or Park Place as shown on the scheme drawings. The inconsistent provision
of tactile paving can be confusing for the visually impaired.
At the exit onto Queens Drive vehicles are guided round the circulatory by
carriageway markings. The hatching within the markings has not been provided
reducing the effectiveness of the markings.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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Recommendation
Provide appropriate cycle signing.
Remove obsolete carriageway markings.
Provide tactile paving.
Provide hatching.
3.1.18 Location: Queens Road
Summary: Profile of bus stop
The profile of the bus stop results in a crossfall towards the back of the footway and
the shop frontages. Where the footway is level a series of ‘A’ frame advertising
boards are provided which forces pedestrians to walk on the raised section. The
Audit Team are concerned that if the profile is greater than 2.5% this could destabilise
anyone using a mobility scooter or wheelchair.
It is also likely that water will drain towards the shop frontages where no positive
drainage was observed. This could result in standing water which in the winter
months could freeze resulting in slips and falls.
Recommendations
Remove the advertising boards.
Provide positive drainage if necessary.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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3.1.19 Location: Whiteladies Road near Frog Lane
Summary: Bus shelter restricts footway
The bus shelter provided at the inbound bus stop to the north of Frog Lane has a full
end panel at one end of shelter. The end panel reduces the width of the footway
infront of the shelter. Passengers disembarking from the bus intending to walk into
the centre of Bristol walk very close to the edge of the carriageway increasing the risk
of being clipped by a passing vehicle. Passengers with pushchairs will either have to
walk round the shelter or end up pushing the buggy into the carriageway.
Recommendation
Replace the full end panel with a half panel similar to the one provided at the other
end of the shelter.
Doc no: GBCBCC013/WR/RSA3 Version 2
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4 Audit Team Statement
I certify that this audit has been carried out in accordance with HD 19/03.
Audit Team Leader
Name: Alison Foale
Signed:
Position: Senior Consultant Dated: 28/06/2012
Organisation: Halcrow Group Ltd
Address: Burderop Park
Swindon SN4 0QD
Audit Team Member
Name: Darren Cox
Position: Associate
Organisation: Halcrow Group Ltd
Address Bristol
Appendix A
List of Drawings and Documents Supplied
Document Rev. Description
DH0236-C02-032 C Canford Lane
DH0236-C02-033 B Belgrave Road
DH0236-C02-034 A The Downs
DH0236-C02-035 B White Tree Roundabout
DH0236-C02-039 1 & 2 C Oakland Road to Alma Road
DH0236-C02-044 C Aspley Road
DH0236-C02-058 A Burlington Road/Aspley Road
DH0236-C02-087 A Blackboy Hill Phase 1
DH0236-C02-059 - Blackboy Hill Phase 2
DH0236-C02-061 A Blackboy Hill Phase 3
DH0236-C02-066 F Cotham Hill
DH0236-C02-069 1 & 2 B BBC to Cotham Hill
DH0236-C02-074 B Cotham Hill to Aspley Road 1 of 3
DH0236-C02-075 C Cotham Hill to Aspley Road 2 of 3
DH0236-C02-076 B Cotham Hill to Aspley Road 3 of 3
DH0236-C02-077 - Tyndalls Park Road
DH0236-C02-078 C College Green
DH0236-C02-082 - Triangle West
DH0236-C02-083 A Queens Road
DH0236-C02-085 A Queens Road Signals
DH0236-C02-086 B Queens Road zebra
DH0236-C02-091 - Westbury Road
DH0236-C02-092 - Parrys Lane
List of “concerns” resulting from scheme walk through attended by Bristol City Council
Officers and local Councillors
Appendix B
Location Plan
Appendix C
Key Plans
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
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3.1.3
3.1.3
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3.1.4
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.5
3.1.5
3.1.5
3.1.5
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.6
3.1.6
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.7
3.1.8
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.9 3.1.9
3.1.10 3.1.10
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.11 3.1.11
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.12
3.1.12
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3.1.13
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.13
3.1.14
3.1.15
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3.1.16
3.1.16
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.17
3.1.17
3.1.17
3.1.17
3.1.17
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3.1.18
For details of your nearest Halcrow office, visit our website halcrow.com
3.1.19
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