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DIVISION OF SUBSISTENCE
Importance of Subsistence to Alaskan Residents
Meredith MarchioniSubsistence Resource SpecialistDivision of SubsistenceAlaska Department of Fish and Game
Division of Subsistence
• In 1978 the State of Alaska enacted the Alaska Subsistence Law recognizing the customary and traditional uses of resources.
• The Division of Subsistence was established to scientifically quantify harvests of wild resources by rural residents to determine the Amount Necessary for Subsistence (ANS) for each population or stock.
• Since its inception, over the past 30 years, the Division’s small staff has conducted research in 271 rural communities in Alaska.
• Seasonality of fishing, hunting, and gathering• Methods of harvesting and processing• Sharing of wild foods• Areas of harvest and use• Cultural, social, and economic values • Trends in resource use patterns• Resource issues that need resolution
Research Foci
Community Scoping Meeting
Community scoping meeting in Togiak, Bristol Bay
Train Local Research Assistants
Local researcher training in Noatak, Northwest Alaska
Research Methods:Subsistence Harvest Surveys and Mapping
A harvest survey Chignik Lake.
Research Methods: Participant Observation
Participating in subsistence salmon fisheries on the Alaska Peninsula and in southeast Alaska.
Research Methods: Key Respondent Interviews
Interviewing an elder in Nondalton, Bristol Bay
2012 Wild Resource Harvest Update for Alaska
Nutritional value of fish and wildlife harvests
Subsistence Lifestyle and Local Ecological Knowledge
Perceived causes for the decline in the chilkat chinook salmon population
• Fluctuations in climate and weather• Increased pressure from fisheries• Environmental disturbances from human impacts (e.g. boat traffic,
pollution, ecotourism, road maintenance, etc.)• Hatchery fish
The Future of Subsistence
Thank You
QUESTIONS?
For More InformationADF&G Websitewww.adfg.alaska.gov
Meredith MarchioniSubsistence Resource Specialistmeredith.marchioni@alaska.gov
Rosalie Grant, ADF&G & Jessica Gill, Sitka Tribe of Alaska, process herring roe on branches in Sitka Harbor, April 2013
Courtesy of the Sitka Sentinel & Associated Press
Salmon• 5 species• In terms of pounds of food, top
resource almost everywhere except Arctic
• Variety of harvest methods: gillnet, seine, fishwheel, hook & line
• Variety of preservation methods• Extended families cooperate to
harvest and process salmon at fish camps and villages
Other (Non-salmon) Fish
• Wide variety of marine (halibut, herring, cod, etc) and freshwater (whitefishes, trout, pike, etc)
• Total harvest ranks 2nd or 3rd after salmon
• Many harvest and preservation methods
Spring ice ice fishing, Nondalton, Bristol Bay
Marine Invertebrates
• Many species: clams, cockles, crabs, chitons, snails, octopus, etc.
• People of all ages participate in the harvest
Harvest of chitons (“bidarkies”), Ivanof Bay
Large Land Mammals
• Primary species = moose, caribou, deer; also bears, sheep, goat, muskoxen
• Total harvests generally rank 2nd or 3rd after salmon
• Generally hunted in fall and winter
A moose harvest at Chalkyitsik, Yukon River Flats
Small game and furbearers• Taken with snares, traps,
firearms• Some taken primarily for
their fur: wolf, wolverine, mink, otter
• Some are also used for food: beaver, muskrat
• Used for crafts and also sold
Lynx harvest, Emmonak
Marine mammals• Co-management under
the MMPA• Used in most coastal
Alaska Native communities
• Seals, sea lions, walrus, whales
• Meat, fat, & hides used
Harbor seal and sea lion oil rendered from fat, Akutan
Birds and eggs• Migratory birds & eggs; also
ptarmigan, grouse• Co-management under
Migratory Bird Treaty Act: Alaska Migratory Bird Co-management Council
• Subsistence spring and summer hunting authorized, 1997
Glaucous-winged gull egg harvest, Kodiak
Wild plants• Many varieties used• Used for food (primarily
berries, but others)• Medicinal uses• Used for fuel, crafts,
smoking fish, etc.
Valerie Engebretsen, Nondalton, Bristol Bay
Other Findings: Specialization
Talkeetna: 70% of lb taken by 21% of HHs
Skwentna: 70% of lb taken by 31% of HHs
Other Findings:Networks
Other Findings: Food Security
United States2009
(USDA)
Alaska2009
(USDA)
Aniak2009
(this study)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
87% 87% 89%
8% 8% 6%5% 5% 5%
B - FOOD SECURITY CATEGORIES
SECURE - high & marginal food security
INSECURE - low food security
INSECURE - very low food securityP
erc
en
tag
e o
f h
ou
se
ho
lds
Did not eat for a whole day
Lost weight, not enough food
Hungry but did not eat
Ate less than we felt we should
Cut size of meals or skipped meals
Food (store-bought) did not last
Food (subsistence) did not last
Food did not last, could not get more
Lacked resources to get food
Worried about having enough food
12
11
10
98
3.2
3.1
34
2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2%
6%
6%
10%
9%
17%
32%
14%
0.165354330708661
0.338582677165356
A - FOOD INSECURE CONDITIONS
Responses used to calculate households' food security category
Responses to additional questions asked in this study
Percentage of householdsreporting condition
Applications of study findings• Obligations at Board of
Game and Board of Fisheries• C&T Determinations• ANS Findings• Regulations that provide
reasonable opportunity• Obligations to Joint Board:
nonsubsistence area findings• Informing resource
development projects • Health impacts assessment• Other applicationsFilling the smokehouse with sockeye
salmon, Nondalton
Special Topics
• Wage employment supporting the mixed economy in rural Alaska.
• Current structure of commercial fisheries in Alaska: Supporting local economies
• The interdependence of commercial and subsistence fisheries: Successful fishing communities in Alaska
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