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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT ILMENAU
Fakultät für Informatik und Automatisierung Fachgebiet Telematik / Rechnernetze
Dissertation zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades
Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.)
Construction of Attack-Resilient and Efficient Overlay Topologies for Large-Scale
P2P-based IPTV Infrastructures
vorgelegt von: Mathias Fischer
geboren am: 26. Januar 1983 in Bad Salzungen
Datum der Einreichung: 13. Februar 2012
Datum der Verteidigung: 19. Juni 2012
Betreuender Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Günter Schäfer
Externer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Max Mühlhäuser
Externer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Paul Müller
Contents
1 Introduction 11 1.1 Problem Statement 11 1.2 Contributions of this Thesis 12 1.3 Structure of this Thesis 16
2 Background 17 2.1 Multimedia Content Distribution 17
2.1.1 Challenges and Classification of Multimedia Streaming 17 2.1.2 Multimedia Coding Techniques 18
2.2 P2P Systems 21 2.2.1 Classification of P2P systems 21 2.2.2 Attacks on P2P Systems 22 2.2.3 Countermeasures against Attacks on P2P Streaming 26 2.2.4 Summary 28
2.3 Simulation of Communication Networks 28 2.3.1 Discrete Event Simulation 28 2.3.2 OMNeT++ 29
2.4 Summary 33
3 Requirements and State of the Art 35 3.1 Requirements of an IPTV System 35
3.1.1 Functional Requirements 35 3.1.2 Non-Functional Requirements 36
3.2 IP Multicast 38 3.3 Content Distribution Networks 40 3.4 Application Layer Multicast 41
3.4.1 General Classification of ALM Approaches 42 3.4.2 Push-based ALM 43 3.4.3 Pull-based ALM 51 3.4.4 Hybrid ALM 57 3.4.5 Peer-Assisted ALM Streaming 61 3.4.6 Summary 63
3.5 Topology-Aware P2P Overlays 67 3.5.1 Packet Reflection and Path Painting 67 3.5.2 Underlay Fused with Overlays 69 3.5.3 Topology-Aware Overlay Networks 70 3.5.4 Summary of Topology-Aware P2P Overlays 71
3.6 Discussion 72
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Contents
4 P2P-based IPTV Content Distribution 75 4.1 System Overview 76
4.1.1 Server-Side Assistance 77 4.1.2 ALM Algorithm 78
4.2 System Model for P2P-based IPTV 80 4.3 Near-Optimal Stable IPTV Topologies 83
4.3.1 Construction Rules for Near-Optimal Stable Streaming Topologies 83 4.3.2 Distributed Construction of Near-Optimal Stable Topologies . . 87 4.3.3 Summary of Near-Optimal Stable Topologies 91
4.4 Manipulation-Resistant ALM Topology Construction 92 4.4.1 Distribution of Topology Information 93 4.4.2 Bootstrapping Joining Nodes 94 4.4.3 Node Promotion and Degradation 95 4.4.4 Reliability Estimation 95 4.4.5 Repair Mechanism 96 4.4.6 Summary 99
4.5 Node Heterogeneity and Mobility 100 4.5.1 Client Bandwidth Heterogeneity 100 4.5.2 Client Mobility 103 4.5.3 Summary of Node Heterogeneity 106
4.6 Underlay-Aware Topology Construction 106 4.6.1 Peer-assisting ALM Routers 107 4.6.2 Underlay-Aware Overlay Construction I l l 4.6.3 Summary of Underlay-Awareness 126
4.7 Combination of Mechanisms to an Integrated IPTV System 127
5 Evaluation 131 5.1 Qualitative Discussion of AREA IPTV 131
5.1.1 Functional Requirements 132 5.1.2 Non-Functional Requirements 133 5.1.3 Summary 143
5.2 Additional Metrics 144 5.2.1 Internal Attacker Model 144 5.2.2 Metrics for Underlay-Awareness and Resilience against Underlay
Attacks 147 5.3 Assumptions and Models 150
5.3.1 AREA IPTV Simulation Framework 150 5.3.2 Network Model 153 5.3.3 User Model 155 5.3.4 General Setup of Experiments 157
5.4 Evaluation of Overlay Construction 157 5.4.1 Distributed Construction of Near-Optimal Stable Topologies . .157 5.4.2 Overlay Resilience against Internal Attackers 164 5.4.3 Node Mobility 173 5.4.4 Overlay Construction Summary 176
5.5 Evaluation of an Underlay-Aware Overlay Construction 176 5.5.1 ALM Routers 177 5.5.2 Underlay-aware ALM Topology Construction 182
Contents
5.5.3 Summary of the Underlay-Aware Topology Construction . . . .190 5.6 Evaluation of Combined Mechanisms 191
5.6.1 Simulation Setup 191 5.6.2 Expectations 193 5.6.3 Results 193 5.6.4 Summary of the Evaluation of Combined Mechanisms 195
5.7 Summary 196
6 Conclusion and Outlook 199 6.1 Summary 199 6.2 Future Work 201
Bibliography 203
Acronyms 215
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