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Different Eras of Federalism. Dual Federalism of the Rural Republic (1789-1865). Enumerated powers Sovereign and equal spheres Nullification Eventually settled by the Civil War. Dual Federalism Serving Commerce (1865-1901). Focus on commerce "to perfect the free economy“ - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Different Eras of Federalism
Dual Federalism of the Rural Republic (1789-1865)
• Enumerated powers• Sovereign and equal spheres• Nullification
– Eventually settled by the Civil War
Dual Federalism Serving Commerce (1865-1901)
• Focus on commerce• "to perfect the free economy“• Growing government at both levels• States as senior partners in police powers and
providing services
Cooperative Federalism (1901-1960)
• Shared functions• focus on providing services• broadly collaborative patterns• Income Tax; Grants-in-aid• Fed is “servant to the states”
– New Deal
Creative Federalism (1960-1968)
• Overloaded cooperation• Intergovernmental fiscal transfers• Crosscutting regulation and states as implementers
of federal mandates• Increased regulations (strings)• Great Society (LBJ)
New Federalism and the Reaction (1970-)
• Revenue sharing• Devolution• Growth of unfunded mandates• Deregulation• Supply-side reductions• Deficit dominates
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