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 A. Development of Sources of Waterfor Rural Residences

B. Waste Water Treatment and

Disposal for Building and PremisesC. Water Supply and Distribution System

D. Sanitary Drainage and Ventilating SystemE. Storm and Sub-surface Drainage

F. Water Heating SystemG. Dry and Wet Stand pipes

H. Water Pumps, Tank, Cistern, Sewage & Scum PitI. Installation and Workmanship

 J. Plumbing Plan and Specification

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 A. Development of Sources of Water

for Rural ResidencesDetermine the amount and quality of water,

develop source and provide sanitary measures against contamination and pollution.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER

FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

 WATER  Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface

96.5% in oceans 1.7% in groundwater

1.7% in glaciers, ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland,a small fraction in other large water bodies

0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds and precipitation

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER

FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

 WATER  2.5% - freshwater

98.8% - in ice and groundwater Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and

the atmosphere

0.003% is contained within biological bodies andmanufactured products

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER

FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

SAFE DRINKINGWATER 

no calories or organic nutrients

approximately one billion people still lack access tosafe water

over 2.5 billion lack accesses to adequate sanitation

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER

FOR RURAL RESIDENCESSAFE DRINKINGWATER 

 Water functions as a solvent for a wide variety ofchemical substances

facilitates industrial cooling and transportation

 Approx 70% of the fresh water - for agriculture

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) - continuous movement

of water between the earth and atmosphere

Components :

 1. Evaporation

change of state of water (a liquid) to water vapor (gas) 2. Transpiration

evaporation of liquid water from plants and trees into

the atmosphere (90% of all water that enters the roots

transpires into the atmosphere)

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

 3. Sublimationprocess where ice and snow (a solid) changes

into water vapor (a gas) without moving throughthe liquid phase.4. Condensationfrom the gas phase to the liquid phase; water

 vapor (a gas) changes back into a water droplets(a liquid)e.g. clouds, fog, dew, or frost form.

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

 5. Transportation

the movement of solid, liquid and gaseous water throughthe atmosphere. Without this movement, the waterevaporated over the ocean would not precipitate over land6. Precipitation

 water that falls to the earth (rain but includes snow, sleet,drizzle, and hail)7. Runoff remains on the surface and f lows into streams, rivers, and

eventually large bodies (lakes or the ocean)

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

8. Evapotranspiration – the process of transferringmoisture from the earth to the atmosphere by

evaporation of water and transpiration from plants9. Infiltration – process by which water in the ground

surface enters the soil

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DEVELOPMENT OF SOURCES OF WATER FOR RURAL RESIDENCES

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MPLE Water is many times heavier than air by 

a. 803

b. 300c. 830

d. 308

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MPLE Water is many times heavier than air by 

a. 803

b. 300c. 830

d. 308

Water is 800 times denser than air 

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MPLE Which of these stages is not one among cycle of water?

a. Saturation

b. Precipitationc. Evaporation

d. Condensation

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MPLE Which of these stages is not one among cycle of water?

a. Saturation

b. Precipitationc. Evaporation

d. Condensation

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MPLEHow do you measure the rainfall intensity?

a. Inches/hr.

b. Inches/min.c. Inches/sec.

d. Inches/day 

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MPLEHow do you measure the rainfall intensity?

a. Inches/hr.

b. Inches/min.c. Inches/sec.

d. Inches/day 

Rainfall intensity is measured in millimetres per hour(mm/h) over a given duration.