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Development of Cellulosic Biofuels
Chris SomervilleEnergy Biosciences Institute
UC Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois
The Energy Biosciences Institute(www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org)
• $500M committed over 10 years• Research mandate to explore the application of
modern biological knowledge to the energy sector– Cellulosic fuels – Petroleum microbiology (bioremediation, biosouring,
corrosion, recovery…)– Biolubricants
2
Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral energy
Biomass
Photosynthesis “Combustion”
Work
Sunlight
CO2CO2
TillingLand conversionFertilizerTransportationProcessing
It depends on how the biomass is produced and processed
Net GHG emissions from various fuels
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
Overview of Brazil sugarcane
• ~8 M Ha planted in 2009• ~27 B liters ethanol, 2009• ~80-120 T/Ha• ~6400 L ethanol/Ha• ~429 mills• Plantings last 5-12 y• Large mill
– 22,000 tons/day– 750 truck loads/day
http://english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCode={D6C39D36-69BA-458D-A95C-815C87E4404D}
Primary uses of US corn
USDA Economic Information Bulletin #79, 2011
Renewable Fuel Standard(Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
Bio
fuel V
olu
me (
billion
gallon
s)
BiodieselGeneral AdvancedCellulosic AdvancedConventionalPrevious RFS Advanced
US Biomass inventory = 1.3 billion tons
Forest12.8%
Urban waste2.9%
Manure4.1%
Grains5.2%
Crop residues7.6%
Soy6.2%
Wheat straw6.1%Corn stover
19.9%
Perennial crops35.2%
From: Billion ton Vision, DOE & USDA 2005
26 B gals ~
~45 B gals
Napier grass: A potential energy crop(One-year old crop growing in Florida, photographed in October
2009)
Courtesy of Brian Conway, BP
An energy crop
Yield of 26.5 tons/acre observed by Young & colleagues in Illinois, without irrigation
Court
esy
of
Ste
ve L
ong e
t al
Crop models for biomass production indicate advantaged regions for biomass production
Fernando E. Miguez Steve Long German Bollero
Harvesting Miscanthus
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/gallery/index.html
Response of Miscanthus to nitrogen fertilizer
Christian, Riche & Yates Ind. Crops Prod. (2008)
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year
0
5
10
15
20
Yie
ld (
t/HA
)
N0
N60
N120
Private forests are extensive
Alig & Butler (2004)USDA Forest Service PNW-GTR-613
Land Usage
AMBIO 23,198 (Total Land surface 13,000 M Ha)
Forest & Savannah
Cereal
4.6% Pasture & Range23.7%
30.5%
Other crops6.9%
Nonarable
34.4%
More than 1.5 billion acres of degraded or abandoned land is available for cellulosic
crops
Cai, Zhang, Wang Environ Sci Technol 45,334
Campbell et al., Env. Sci. Technol. (2008) 42,5791
Agave in Madagascar
Borland et al. (2009) J. Exp. Bot. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp118
Summary of Syngas-Liquids Processes
SyngasCO + H2
Methanol
H2OWGSPurify
H2
N2 over Fe/FeO
(K2O, Al2O3, CaO)NH3
Cu/ZnOIsosynthesis
ThO2 or ZrO2
i-C4
Alkali-doped
ZnO/Cr
2 O3
Cu/ZnO; Cu/ZnO
/Al2 O
3
CuO/CoO
/Al2 O
3
MoS
2
MixedAlcohols
Oxosynthesis
HC
o(CO
)4
HC
o(CO
)3 P(Bu
3 )
Rh(C
O)(PPh
3 )3
AldehydesAlcohols
Fischer-Tropsch
Fe,
Co
, Ru
WaxesDiesel
OlefinsGasoline
Ethanol
Co, Rh
Formaldehyde
Ag
DME
Al 2O
3
zeolites
MTOMTG
OlefinsGasoline
MTBE
Acetic Acid
carb
onyl
atio
n
CH 3
OH
+ C
OC
o, R
h, N
i
M100M85DMFC
Direct U
se
hom
olog
atio
nC
o
iso
buty
len
ea
cidi
c io
n e
xch
ang
e
Richard Bain, NREL
Distillation EthanolDrying
Co-Product Recovery
Animal FeedChemicals
Sugar Cane Process
Cellulose Conversion
Hydrolysis
Corn Process
Cellulose Process
ThermochemicalConversion
• Heat and Power• Fuels and Chemicals
Cellulose Pretreatment
Cellulose
• Miscanthus• Switchgrass• MSW• Forest Residues• Ag Residues• Wood Chips
Ferment-ation
SugarSugarCane
CornKernels
Starch Conversion(Cook or
Enzymatic Hydrolysis)
Ethanol Production Flowchart
Slide Courtesy of Bruce Dale
19
Projected costs of gasoline from various sources
From: Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
21
Breakdown of Capital Costs for NREL Biorefinery
Source : Paul Willems from NREL design, May 2011
Detailed Split by SectionPretreatment
Sacharification &Fermentation
Enzyme Production
Distillation
Waste treatment
Boiler & Utilities
Storage
Batch processes have many inefficiencies
22
Time
Sugar
conce
ntr
ati
on Fu
el a
ccum
ula
tion
Unused capital
Catalyst Loss
Wastewater
Boiler
Hypothetical alternative scenario
Biomassgrinding
Ligninremoval
Solvent recovery
Ligninuse
Enzymaticdigestion
Enzyme production
Enzymerecovery
fermentation
Fuel separation
and volume adjustment
Wastemanagement
Fueluse
Endo
Exo-processive
Classical paradigm for the enzymatic degradation of insoluble
polysaccharides
Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, Bjorge Westereng, Svein Horn, Zhanliang Liu, Hong Zhai, Morten Sorlie, Vincent Eijsink (2010) Science 330: 219-222
Discovery of a novel enzyme class (CBM33 & GH61)
• CBM33s are monooxygenases that introduce chain breaks on the surfaces of crystalline polysaccharides, including cellulose. They act synergistically with standard hydrolytic enzymes.
• Their activity can be boosted dramatically by adding external electron donors.
• Fungal ”GH61” proteins do approximately the same.
25G. Vaaje-Kolstad et al., Science 330:219-222 (2010)
Sources of biodiesel
CRC Report AVFL-17
Major types of components of FACE9A diesel
CRC Report FACE-1
Routes to potential fuels
Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375
Concluding comments
• There appears to be significant underutilized land but expanded demand for land will require improved management of all land uses
• Cellulosic biofuels can contribute but are not large enough to be a “solution” to the energy/climate problem
• There are not technical barriers to production but there are many opportunities to fundamentally improve the production and diversification of biofuels
• Engineering and finance are the rate limiting step
The Future
http://genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/index.shtml
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