Developing an iPhone application with focus on the user...

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IT 12 012

Examensarbete 30 hpApril 2012

Developing an iPhone application with focus on the user interface

Narayanan Kannan

Institutionen för informationsteknologiDepartment of Information Technology

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Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Besöksadress: Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 Hus 4, Plan 0 Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Telefon: 018 – 471 30 03 Telefax: 018 – 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student

Abstract

Developing an iPhone application with focus on theuser interface

Narayanan Kannan

Smartphones are becoming increasingly popular day by day. The reason why they arecalled ‘Smart phones’ is that they can perform advanced computing and have a betterconnectivity to the Internet. Smartphones usually run a complete operating system.For example, iOS runs on Apple Inc.’s mobile devices like iPhone, iPod Touch andiPad [1]. A Smartphone allows the user to run applications. These applications areaimed at making life simpler for the users.

This Master Thesis aims at developing one such application called ‘Help4Dinner’ withfocus on user-interface and usability. The application can make the life easier forpeople who want to manage the groceries they have at home and their shopping list.The interface has been carefully designed so that users can get used to the applicationvery soon and also feel comfortable with it.

Throughout the process of design and development an iterative method ofdevelopment was used. With continuous interaction with my supervisor and memberof No1 Advisor, the design changes were discussed after every sprint. Testing wasdone at regular intervals both in device and simulator and finally the application wassubmitted to Apple’s AppStore on June 17th 2011. After inspection by Apple theapplication was published on June 25th 2011 and was available for download.

Tryckt av: Reprocentralen ITCIT 12 012Examinator: Anders BerglundÄmnesgranskare: Lars OestreicherHandledare: Kalle Söderman

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114

Figure 1. In a waterfall development cycle, analysis, design, coding, and quality assurance testing are separate stages of a software release that spans months or years. In Agile development, each of a set of incremental mini-releases (each created in 2-4 weeks) has these stages. Adapted from Cutter Consortium [8].

At the beginning of each iteration cycle, the full, cross-functional Agile team meets to do cycle planning. They determine the theme, or user story, of the next working version, and the features to put in it. Future cycles remain more loosely planned, since each cycle planning session is based on the most current information.

Cycle planning is guided by an overall vision or plan for the release. At Alias, Agile teams did release-level planning during a brief 4- to 6-week phase called Cycle Zero. The first iteration immediately follows Cycle Zero.

Each feature (the smallest development component, as defined by developers) is described on an index card called a feature card. Feature cards are grouped into iteration cycle clusters, and displayed in a public space for the whole Agile team as a communication artifact, in lieu of more traditional planning documents. Each feature card describes the acceptance criteria that

determine when that feature is complete, and also includes a time estimate for completion.

The Agile team meets daily at a short, stand-up meeting (sometimes called a scrum), where team members each describe what they are working on, and any blocking issues. Scrums, through face-to-face communication, take the place of detailed documents to guide project planning.

Working versions are periodically delivered to users or to customers to validate the acceptance criteria for the feature cards. Their feedback influences current cycle implementation, and directs future cycle planning.

Note that in Agile terminology, a customer is not a person external to the product team who purchases or uses the product, but a role filled by one or more members of the product team. The duties of the Agile customer include acting as the voice of the end-user on the development team, and helping to prioritize and

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