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DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUND GENERATED FROM ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS By: Madison Parker
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E.N.D.SCartidge-nicotine and Propylene Glycol mixtureBattery-atomizes liquid Powered when user inhales Each system contains a battery, atomizer, and cartridge
5ATOMIZERS
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THIRD GENERATION
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8PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Generated by propylene oxide
Odorless
Low viscosity
Colorless
Preserve food, solvents, pharmaceuticals
9VEGETABLE GLYCERIN
Naturally extracted plant oils
Coconut oil, palm oil, soy
Odorless
Tinted color
Sweet smelling
More viscous than propylene glycol
10NICOTINE
Dependent drug
Can cause feeling of irritability, depression, and anxiety
Used in liquid form
Concentrations vary between 0-18 mg/ml
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CHEMICAL REACTION THROUGH WHICH PROPYLENE GLYCOL/GLYCERIN FORMS ALDEHYDES
Glycerin C3H8O3 C2H3CHO + 2H2O
C3H4O H3CCHO + HCHO
C3H4O H3CCHO + HCHO
Propylene Glycol
C3H8O2 C2H5CHOAcrolein
Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde
Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
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Acrolein
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AFFECT OF ALDEHYDES ON THE BODY
Acrolein is the simplest carbonyl compound and the most toxic!
Occupational exposure-olfactory and ocular irriation
Long-term contact-extreme irritation mucous membranes and respiratory damage
Chronic exposure-irreversible damage to tissue lining in the respiratory tract
Rat study:103 ratsformaldehyde cell
carcinoma
Mice formaldehyde nasal tumors
14OVERVIEW OF OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL WITH NICHROME WIRE CATALYST
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MECHANISM OF GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION REACTION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
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MECHANISM OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL DEHYDRATION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
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DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS GENERATED FROM E-CIGARETTES BY HPLC
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Carbonyl compounds found in e-cigarette vapors
21CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10 E-CIGARETTES
22Concentrations of key carbonyl compounds that were produced from 13 e-cigarette brands tested
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THERMAL DEGRADATION OF NICHROME WIRE CATALYST
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THE EFFECT OF NICOTINE SOLVENT AND BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE ON CARBONYL COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN E-CIGARETTES
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INGREDIENT LIST WITH NICOTINE CONCENTRATIONS FOR E-LIQUIDS USED
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CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10 E-LIQUID SOLUTIONS
27AFFECT OF BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE ON CARBONYL COMPOUND YIELDS
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CONCLUSIONS At the high temperatures that are required to vaporize these
solutions, unpredictable behaviors among the compounds take place and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds are being formed and inhaled
The inconsistency of the carbonyl compounds that are formed from the e-cigarette vapors suggests that at high temperatures there is a lot more interaction among the compounds within the solvents.
Increase in battery output voltage also proved that these toxic compounds can be produced in extremely high concentrations.
While it is known how the body is affected when these additives are consumed, it is not known how the body is affected when these additives are inhaled.
29FURTHER RESEARCH
Research should be performed to determine the behaviors of e-cigarette users. Experiments can be ran similarly to the e-cigarette user’s behavior so that results are more comparable
by standardizing the analysis of aerosol generation and collection of carbonyl compounds, this would allow for better comparisons of e-cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke components.
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REFERENCES CONT. Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kuzushi; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds Generated
from the E-Cigarette Using Coupled Silica Cartridges Impregnated with Hydroquinone and 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analytical Sciences. December 2013, Vol. 29, 1219-1222.
Kosmider PharmD, Leon; Sobczak PhD, Andrzej; Fik PharmD, Maciej; Knysak PharmD, Jakub; Zaciera PharmD, Marzena; Kurek PharmD, Jolanta; Goniewicz PharmD, PhD, Maciej Lukasz. Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors---Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage. Nicotine & Tobacco Advance Access. May 14, 2014.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nicotine: Systematic Agent. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750028.html (accessed Oct. 17, 2015)
Geiss, Otmar; Bianchi, Ivana; Barahona, Francisco; Barrero-Moreno, Josefa. Characterization of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by Selected Electronic Cigarettes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol 218, Issue 1, January 2015, 172-180.
Schlaf, Marcel; Zhang, Z. Conrad; Cellulose Hydrogenolysis to Ethylene Glycol and 1,2-Propylene Glycol. Reaction Pathways and Mechanisms in Thermocatalytic Biomass Conversion I. Springer: New York, 2015; pp 242-247.
Cheng, Tianrong. Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes. Center for Tobacco Products, Food, and Drug Administration. [Online]. 2014, 23, ii11-ii17.
Lim, Hyun-Hee; Shin, Ho-Sang. Measurement of Aldehydes in Replacement Liquids of Electronic Cigarettes by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 9. Pp. 2691-2695.
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Forbes. E-Cigarette Sales Surpass $1 Billion As Big Tobacco Moves In. http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2013/09/17/e-cigarette-sales-surpass-1-billion-as-big-tobacco-moves-in/ (accessed Oct. 24, 2015)
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