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Presentation at Essex University 8th Human Rights in Asia Conference
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DefendingindigenouslandrightsinthePhilippines:humanrights
perspec6vesondichotomy,iden6tyandconsent
MarcTitusD.CebrerosLLMHumanRights
QueenMaryUniversityofLondon
Outline“Affirmingthat
indigenouspeoplesareequaltoallother
peoples,whilerecognizingtherightofallpeoplestobe
different,toconsiderthemselvesdifferent,
andtoberespectedassuch…”
-Preamble,UNDRIP
• Context—legal,historical,social
• Storiesofconflictandresistance• Dichotomy• Consent• IdenFty
• Prospectsforindigenouspeoplesrights
Social,legalandhistoricalcontext
• Indigeneityas“contextratherthan[legal]abstracFon”(Anaya)– complexofchronological,relaFonal,subjecFveandnormaFvefactors(ImaiandGunn)
– idealizedas“specialconnecFontoland”
Social,legalandhistoricalcontext
Factor Examples
Chronological • Pre-HispaniccommuniFes• SpanishreduccionandlandFtling(MauraLaw)policy• AmericanreservaFonpolicy(s.2145,AdministraFveCode1917)
RelaFonal • “uplanders”/“mountaintribes”/“pacified”tribes• “non-ChrisFan”asdegreeofcivilizaFon(Rubiv.ProvincialBoard,
1919)• Ethno-linguisFcgroups
SubjecFve
• PANAMINandthediscoveryofstoneage“Tasaday”(1971)• “Northern”and“southern”culturalcommuniFes• Katutuboortheconceptofindigeneity
NormaFve • NaFveFtle(Carinov.InsularGovernment,1909)cf.juraregalia(RegalianDoctrine)
• ConsFtuFonalrecogniFon• IndigenousPeoplesRightsAct1997• MiningAct,EIASystemDecree&RegulaFons,LocalGovernment
Code
DichotomiesState MNEs IndigenousPeoples
StatusunderinternaFonallaw
Sovereign,directsubject Non-sovereign,towardsbecomingdirectsubjects(privaFzaFonofsovereignfuncFons
Non-sovereign,indirectobject
LandrightsunderconsFtuFonallaw
Sovereignownership(publicdomain)
Contractualpossessor(publicdomain,privatelands)
Privateownership(ancestraldomainsandlands)
Sub-surfacerightsindomesFclaw
Sovereignownership(mineralsandothernaturalresources)
Servicecontracts(“withsafeguards”)forlarge-scaleexploraFon,developmentanduFlizaFonprojects
Priorityrights,Free,priorandinformedconsent(FPIC)procedure
RegulatoryrelaFonshipwithlocalgovernments
PresidenFalsupervision/subordinatelegislaFvepower/judicialreview
SubjecttolocalconsultaFon,endorsementandapproval
ParFcipaFonandrepresentaFonrights,VerFcalintegraFonofdevelopmentplans
TampakanMiningProjectSitesofconflict Indigenouspeoplesresponses
• NaFonalgovernment• SupremeCourt• DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources• NaFonalCommissiononIndigenousPeoples• Securitysector
• LiFgatedconsFtuFonalityofFTAA• CampaignedagainstEIA• DenouncedNCIPbiases• ProtestedmilitarizaFonandhamletpolicy• ComplaintfiledwithNHRI• ResortedtoUNmechanisms
• Localgovernment• ProvincialgovernmentofCotabato• AffectedmunicipaliFes
• Supportedenvironmentalcode
• Projectproponent • RangesfromcollaboraFontopassivetoacFve/armedresistance
• Civilsociety• Pro-mining• AnF-mining• Fence-sieers
• PartneredwithR.C.C.,localandnaFonalNGOs,internaFonalsolidaritynetwork
• Internal • StrengtheningofindigenouspoliFcalandgovernancestructure
• Humanrights-basedapproachcapacitybuilding• ConflictresoluFonstrategies
TampakanMiningProject
ConsentState IndigenousPeoples
NatureofconsentobligaFonunderinternaFonallaw
LimitedrecogniFon,merelyprocedural(“akintobutlessthanconsent/veto”)
NatureofconsentunderdomesFclaw
Vague:• Const.–notaveto• Regulatory–a
bureaucraFcrequirement(potenFalveto)
• LimitedunderstandingofnatureofFPIC
• Consentalwaysgiven
• QuesFonablequalityofprocesses
Scopeofconsentrequirement
Land(entry,possession,exploraFon,developmentetc.)butnotsub-surfacemineralsandother
naturalresources
Validityofconsentgiven
Irrevocableoncegiven,butrequiredateverystageintheprojectlifecycle
APECOProject
• AuroraSpecialEconomicZoneAct(2007)andamendatorylaw(2010)passedwithoutFPICofaffectedDumagatcommuniFes
“States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoplesconcerned through their own representaFve insFtuFons in order to obtain theirfree,priorand informedconsentbeforeadopFngand implemenFnglegislaFveoradministraFve measures that may affect them.” - ArFcle 19, UNDRIP
APECOProject
IdenFtyInterna6onalLaw Na6onalLaw
“IndigenouspeoplesandindividualshavetherighttobelongtoanindigenouscommunityornaFon,inaccordancewiththetradiFonsandcustomsofthecommunityornaFonconcerned.”–ArFcle9,IPRA
“…agroupofpeopleorhomogenoussocieFesidenFfiedbyself-ascripFonandascripFonbyothers,whohaveconFnuouslylivedasorganizedcommunityoncommunallyboundedanddefinedterritory,andwhohave,underclaimsofownershipsinceFmeimmemorial,occupied,possessedanduFlizedsuchterritories,sharingcommonbondsoflanguage,customs,tradiFonsandotherdisFncFveculturaltraits,orwhohave,throughresistancetopoliFcal,socialandculturalinroadsofcolonizaFon,non-indigenousreligionsandcultures,becamehistoricallydifferenFatedfromthemajorityofFilipinos.ICCs/IPsshalllikewiseincludepeopleswhoareregardedasindigenousonaccountoftheirdescentfromthepopulaFonswhichinhabitedthecountry,attheFmeofconquestorcolonizaFon,orattheFmeofinroadsofnon-indigenousreligionsandcultures,ortheestablishmentofpresentstateboundaries,whoretainsomeoralloftheirownsocial,economic,culturalandpoliFcalinsFtuFons,butwhomayhavebeendisplacedfromtheirtradiFonaldomainsorwhomayhavereseeledoutsidetheirancestraldomains;”
-SecFon3(h),IPRA
OceanaGoldProject
• In2008,Australian-ledminingcompany,OceanaGoldPhilippinesInc.,forciblyandviolentlyevicted,withpoliceassistance,thousandsofIfugaowhohaveseeledwithintheFTAAareainthe1950saoerfleeingtheirformerhomelandwhichhadbeensubmergedbytheAmbuklaoDamproject.
OceanaGoldProject
“FTAAgrantsuntoitsholdertheState’sblessingstoundertakeminingandotherextracFveventures…itisnotacarteblancheforthewholesaledenigraFonoftherightsofpeoplewhostandtobeaffectedbysaidundertakings.”
-InRe:DisplacementofResidentsofKasibuNuevaViscaya,CHRH-2008-0055
Quovadis?
• Uneven–andooendeadly–playingfieldbetweenMNEsandindigenouscommuniFes.
• Free,priorandinformedconsentinherentlyvagueandmalleable.
• IndigenousidenFty:bloodorexperience?
THANKYOU.mtcebreros@gmail.com/07401601874
”If,inatacitway,itwasassumedthatthewildtribesofthePhilippinesweretobedealtwithasthepowerandinclinaFonoftheconquerormightdictate,CongresshasnotyetsancFonedthesamecourseastheproperone‘forthebenefitoftheinhabitantsthereof.’”
-JusFceOliverWendellHolmes,Jr.,Carinovs.InsularGovernment
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