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Debris Detection and
Observation Systems
Rüdiger JehnESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany,
Email: ruediger.jehn@esa.int
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
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DIEGO
GARCIA
NSSS
CAPE CODLSSC
BEALE
KAENA PT.
FYLINGDALESCLEAR
SCC
THULE
CAVALIER
MAUI &
MSSSALTAIR
SOCORRO
ASCENSION
EGLIN
LSSC = Lincoln Space Surveillance Center
Millstone, Haystack, HAX
MSSS = Maui Space Surveillance System
(former AMOS/MOTIF site)
NSSS = Naval Space Surveillance System
MOSS
Space Surveillance Network (SSN)
Discovery Radar
Tracking Radar
Optical Telescope
MSX / SBV
COBRA DANE
GLOBUS II
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FGAN/TIRA radar (Wachtberg/Germany):
• operated by FGAN (Research Establishment for
Applied Science)
• antenna: 34 m parabolic reflector in a 49 m radome
• tracking radar: L-band (1.333 GHz), 1.5 MW peak
power, 0.45º 3 dB beam-width, 1 ms pulse length,
30 Hz pulse repetition, ~2 cm objects at 1,000 km
• imaging radar: Ku-band (16.7 GHz), 13 kW peak
power, 0.031º 3dB beam-width, 256s pulse length,
55 Hz pulse repetition, ~15 cm range resolution
• Space Debris Applications: tracking support during
risk object re-entries (Skylab, Salyut-7, Mir);
conjunction event verification
• imaging support: S/C emergencies (e.g. Adeos);
verification of S/C integrity (e.g. Salyut-7, Mir)
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
4
The ESA Space Debris Telescope (Tenerife/Spain)
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
5
The ESA Space Debris Telescope (Tenerife/Spain)
D etections (Jan 2006 - Dec 2006)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
M agnitude
Fre
qu
en
cy
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Se
ns
itiv
ity
correlated
uncorrelated
Sensitivity 99
uncorrelated
40 cm
60 cm
15 cm
10 cmcorrelated
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
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Legend:
Green circles – ISON observatory working in the project during few years already.
Blue circles – ISON observatories working first year only.
Yellow circles – ISON observatories where preparatory work are carried out.
Red circles – observatories – foreign partners of the ISON.
Orange circles – observatories – Russian partners of the ISON.
International scientific
optical network
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
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Search and survey subsystem for studying of the bright GEO-objects
consists of 11 telescopes of 22-cm aperture with FOV of 4° and 5.5°
Subsystem for high altitude faint space debris detection and tracking
consist of telescopes of 0.4-2.6 m apertures
Search and survey subsystem for studying of the bright HEO and LEO
objects will consists of 4 telescopes of 12.5-cm aperture with FOV of 15°
and 10 telescopes of 25-cm - with FOV of 3°
8International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
Telescope versus radar
• The use of radar for space debris
detection is most efficient below
5,000km
• Above this altitude, especially for
debris in GEO, optical methods are
used
• In-situ detectors can be flown
everywhere, but cover only the orbit
of the host satellite and are normally
limited in sensitive area
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
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Meteoroid And Space
debris Terrestrial
Environment Reference
Model (MASTER)
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
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SDM predictions: Impact Flux on a Radarsat orbit (1 cm objects)
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
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Routine CRASS
automated
operations
Pc > 1:10000
Dr < 300m
Issue warning
Pc > Pthresh
Compute Pc,max
Analyse passes Contact Radar
operators
Radar available
Process radar tracks
(ODIN)
Manual CRASS
operations
Setup meeting
Alarm SD Office
Conjunction event
meeting
SD Office
S/C Operations
Pc,max > Pthresh
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Collision Avoidance at ESA
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Collision avoidance
• Daily checks for our remote sensing satellites ERS-2 and ENVISAT
• Predicted flyby of ERS-2 at a Kosmos-3M upper stage (1.4 t) at a distance of 170mon 18 March 2004 at 11:48.
• Collision velocity of 14.8 km/s.
• Avoidance manoeuvre (change in velocity 4 x 6.5 cm/s); new miss-distance > 600 m
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
13
Useful web-pages
International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris, McGill University, Montreal, 7-9 May 2009
• Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC):
http://www.iadc-online.org
• Space debris activities at ESA:
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESOC/SEMU2CW4QWD\_0.html
• Orbital debris research at NASA/JSC: http://www.orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov
• Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (The Aerospace
Corporation): http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/index.html
• Homepage of ISTI, Italy: http://apollo.cnuce.cnr.it/debris.html
• Jonathan's Space Report: http://www.planet4589.org/space/jsr/jsr.html
• Space Track: http://www.space-track.org (Two-Line-Elements)
• ADELTA Legal Space Law: http://www.spacelaw.com.au
Debris Detection and Observation Systems
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