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Dagoberto’s Grammar Book!. Buenos dias. El Presente. p resente = dropping inf and adding - ar - er or Habitual actions or near-future actions Mis padres me escriben son frecuencia ” “ manana les mando una carta ”. Stem changing verbz. E -> ie o -> ue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Dagoberto’s Grammar Book!
Buenos dias
El Presente
• presente = dropping inf and adding -ar -er or• Habitual actions or near-future actions• Mis padres me escriben son frecuencia”• “manana les mando una carta”
Stem changing verbz
• E -> ie • o -> ue • e -> I • u -> ue (jugar) • No stem change in nosotros or vosotros• Construir, destruir, incluir, y influir add y• Incluyo, incluyes, incluye, incluyen
D:
Irreg yo forms
• Many –er and –ir verbs have irreg yos• Cer or cir change to -zco• Ger or gir change to -jo• Several verbs have irregular –go endings and a
few have individual irregularities.• Some irreg yos stem change too• Where my –jo’s at?
Irreg verbs
• Dar = doy• Decir = digo• Estar = estoy• Ir = voy• Oir = oigo, oyes, oye, oyen
Ser y estar
• ESTAR: location or spatial relationships• Health• Physical state or condition• Emotional states• Certain weather expressions• Ongoing actions (progressive tenses)• Results of action (past participle)• “Lo-co,” temporary stuff
Ser y estar contd.
• Julio es alto = Julio is tall.• Que alta estas, Julio = Well shoot Julio, you sure is
gettin tall son!• Es vivo = sharp, quick-witted• Esta vivo = alive• Es libre = liberated• Esta libre = available to do something• Es listo = smart• Esta listo = ready Julio ->
Gustar + similar verbs
• Me gustan los aviones• Me gustas tu• Me gusta pizza• ALWAYS singular if followed by verbs• Me gusta cantar y bailar
Verbos como gustar
• Fascinar• Molestar• Doler (o -> ue)• Disgustar• Apetecer• Faltar• Quedar
Faltar y quedar• Faltar = lacks• Quedar = what someone has left, or how
clothing fits or looks• Me faltan las piernas• Le queda bien en esta camiseta
PreteritoSingular Plural
é amos
aste asteís
ó aron
Singular Plural
í imos
iste isteís
ió ieron
-ar
-ir
ImperfectoSingular Plural
aba ábamos
abas abaís
aba aban
Singular Plural
ía íamos
ías íais
ía ían
-ar
-ir
Diferencias!
• Imperfect is for habitual actions in the past, or past actions with no definite beginning or end.
• Hablaba con mi amigo mucho ayer• Also…• Age – cuando tenía 3 años• Time – Eran las ocho y media
Diferencias!
• Preterite is for completed actions in the past• Look for • Fui a Target ayer• Dí un regalo a mi hermano la semana pasada
porque fue su cumpleaños• Look for words like ayer, anoche, and la ___
pasada. They signal preterite!
PrEsEnT sUbJuNcTiVeSubjunctive mood: attitudes, uncertain,
hypothecital-ar: e, es, e, emos, en-er: a, as, a, amos, an
pReSeNt SuBjUnCtIvEW wishing / wantingE emotions
D doubtD disbeliefI Impersonal Expressions (es bueno que…)N negationG God / grief
irregsTener (tenga)Venir (venga)Dar (de)Ir (vaya)Saber (sepa)Haber (haya)Estar (este)Ser (sea)
Verbs of Will and InfluenceSugerir – to suggestAconsejar – to adviseImportar – to be important, to matterInsistir – to insistMandar – orderProhibir – to prohibitRecomendar – to recommendRogar – to beg, to plead
Expressions of emotionsAlegrarse – to be happyEsperar – to hope, to wishSentir – to be sorry, to regretSorprender – to surpriseTemer – to be afear’dEs triste – it’s sadOjala – I hope (that) I wish (that)
Doubt, Disbelief, and DenialDudar – to doubtNegar – (e-ie) to denyEs imposible – it’s impossibleEs Improbable – it’s improbableNo es cierto / verdad – it’s not certain / trueNo es seguro – it’s not certain
Object pronounsHay direct object pronounsIndirect object pronouns TO or FOR whomY double object pronouns!
IOPsCarla siempre me da boletos para el cine.Carla always gives me movie tickets.Ella los consigue gratis.She gets em for free.
Direct OPsDebes pedirle el dinero de la apuesta.Le debes pedir el dinero de la apuesta.^ Both are correctLo is genderless (like “it”)
Double OPsPrecedes direct op when they are used
togetherMe mandaron los boletos por correo.Me los mandaron por correo.If Le + La or Le +Lo, one turns to seLe damos las revistas a Ricardo. = Se las
damos
Prep. pronounsMi, ti, usted, el/ella/si (him/her/itself), nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ustedes, ellos/ellas/si (themselves)Que opinas de ella?Ay, mi amor, solo pienso en ti?
Prep. Pronouns contd.A + prep pronouns = mas emphasisio!A mi me gusta papas fritas
Si mismo = himself, Mi mismo = myselfWhen mi ti and si are used w con, they
MAGICALLY MORPH into conmigo, contigo, y consigo!
When these palabras show up, use tu y yo instead of mi and ti:
Entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, y some other word I didn’t get
Tu = simply drop the “s”
Irregulares: di, haz, ve, pon,
sal, se, ten, ven
Usted(es) = yo form w opposite vowelIrregulares: TVDISHES
Tu = yo form w opposite vowel, add “s”Irregulares = TVDISHES
Usted(es) = samesiesssss!!!
!^Irregulares =
TVDISHES
DOPs and IOPs + se can attach to affirmative
Affirmative = upNegative = down
DOPs and IOPs + se must go before negative
Mono verbs
Let’s sit down = sentemos + nos Sentemonos Vayamos Vamanos
Futuro
Endings (all the same):
Singular Plural
É Emos
Ás
Á Án
Futuro- Irregulars
Caber – Cabr- Haber – Habr- Poder – Podr- Saber – Sabr- Poner – Pondr-
Salir – Saldr- Tener – Tendr- Valer – Valdr- Venir – Vendr- Decir – Dir- Hacer – Har- Querer – Querr-
Condicional
Used to express what would happen if something else happened
Also used to ask a question politely
Me gustaria doce tacos, por favor.
Condicional
Endings: also all the same, and have the same irregular stems as el futuro
Singular Plural
Ía Íamos
Ías
Ía Ían
Pronombres Relativos
Que, el/la que, el/le cual, quien/quienes, cuyo
Que- people or things Quien- people Que is used with “el” or “la” after a
preposition Cual is used in formal settings or when
referring to specific things Cuyo is used for “whose”
The Neuter Lo
Lo ____ (masculine singular adjective) “Lo que” used like “That which,” Lo is also used to express the most or the
least of something Lo mas, lo mejor Lo menos, lo peor Lo is ALSO used figuratively-ish to say “the
____ part” (like the best part or the worst part)
Lo importante es que estamos juntos.
Subjunctivo in Noun Clauses
Used when a subordinate clause is uncertain
Also used in cases when the antecedent is a
negative pronoun
Present Perfect
Used to express what has recently happened
Uses present conjugation of “haber” and a past participle
-ar verbs become –ado -ir verbs become –ido
Ex: he aprendido mucho Espanol el mi escuela.
Present Perfect: Past Par. Irregs.
Abrir – abierto Cubrir – cubierto Decir – dicho Escribir – escrito Hacer – hecho Morir – muerto Poner – puesto Resolver – resuelto Romper – roto Ver – visto Volver - vuelto