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CUTTLEFISH
Phylum: Mollusca
Class :Cephalopoda
(It’s a not a fish)
CUTTLEFISH CAMOUFLAGE
Linguine with cuttlefish and ink sauce
How to avoid becoming this (or a version of this)
•Chemical Defense•Physical Defense•Run (or Swim) Fast•Hide!
CUTTLEFISH CAMOUFLAGE
PATTERN
COLOR
TEXTURE
Rapid visually mediated changes in SPECIALIZED SKIN
CUTTLEFISH CAMOUFLAGE
PATTERN
COLOR
Rapid visually mediated changes in SPECIALIZED SKIN
Specialized organs / cells in skin:
Chromatophore organs
Leucophores
Iridophores
Figure. Cut-away view of a cephalopod chromatophore. Drawing modified from Cloney and Florey, 1968.
Cloney, R. A. and E. Florey. 1968. Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs. Zeits. für Zellforsch. 89:250-280.
Diameter of the sacculus expands up to about 7 times its retracted state which is equivalent to an increase in area of about 50 times.
From: Tree of Life Cephalopod Chromatophore Authored by Richard E. Young, Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold
Cephalopod Chromatophore Organ
The leucophore reflects whatever color of light illuminates it. There is no color discrimination and no effect on the color by the angle of illumination. Under white light the leucophores appear to be white. The leucophores, therefore, simply produce scattered reflection of ambient light.
Cloney, R. A. and S. L. Brocco. 1983. Chromatophore organs, reflector cells, iridocytes and leucophores in cephalopods. Amer. Zool., 23: 581‐592.
From: Tree of Life Leucophores Authored by Richard E. Young and Michael Vecchione.
iridophores (short arrows) above the chromatophore (long arrow)
Iridophores reflect and polarize light by layers of intracellular platelets that arepositioned parallel to each other. The spectrum (color) of the reflection can change from red/pink to blue and depends upon the distance between platelets, the orientation of the platelets, and the direction of viewing
N. Shashar, D. T. Borst, S. A. Ament, W. M. Saidel, R. M. Smolowitz and R. T. Hanlon 2001. Polarization Reflecting Iridophores in the Arms of the Squid Loligo pealeii . Biol. Bull. 201: 267-268.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCgtYWUybIE&feature=related
CAMOUFLAGE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mW4PbW893ik&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IznlT8XkmkY
PATTERN
Visually mediated pattern matching cues:
Size of objects
CONTRAST
PATTERN
Mäthger L. M., A. Barbosa, S. Miner, and R. T. Hanlon. 2005. Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay. Vision Res. 46:1746–1753.
Disruptive coloration is shown in response to checks that are 40% and 120% of the area of the cuttlefish’s White square component.Non‐disruptive body patterns (uniform and mottle) are shown on other check sizes.
Barbosa, A., L. M. Mäthger, C. Chubb, C. Florio, C. Chiao, and R. T. Hanlon. 2007. Disruptive coloration in cuttlefish: a visual perception mechanism that regulates ontogenetic adjustment of skin patterning. The Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1139‐1147.
PATTERN
White square
Land, M. F. and D. E. Nilsson. 2002. Animal Eyes. Oxford University Press., Inc. New York, USA.
Vertebrate eye with ciliary photoreceptor cells
Cephalopod eye with microvillar photoreceptor cells
VISION
VISION
Photopigment = OPSIN (protein) + Chromophore (11- cis retinal)
COLOR VISION
Land, M. F. and D. E. Nilsson. 2002. Animal Eyes. Oxford University Press., Inc. New York, USA.
Cuttlefish on blue and yellow checkerboard (matched in intensity) as well as uniformly blue and yellow substrates; no disruptive pattern was elicited.
COLOR VISION?
Mäthger L. M., A. Barbosa, S. Miner, and R. T. Hanlon. 2005. Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay. Vision Res. 46:1746–1753.
Mäthger, L. M., Chiao, C.‐C., Barbosa, A., Hanlon, R. T. 2008. Color matching on natural substrates in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194 (6): 577‐585.
Cuttlefish on test substrates
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Do cuttlefish color match?
Mäthger, L. M., Chiao, C.‐C., Barbosa, A., Hanlon, R. T. 2008. Color matching on natural substrates in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194 (6): 577‐585.
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Mäthger, L. M., Chiao, C.‐C., Barbosa, A., Hanlon, R. T. 2008. Color matching on natural substrates in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194 (6): 577‐585.
Fig. 3 a Animal on substrate S1. Six blue dots are approximate locations of spectral measurements on the animal, and 10 blue dots are representative sampling locations of the substrate around the animal. Reflectance spectra measured on the b animal and c substrate
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Mäthger, L. M., Chiao, C.‐C., Barbosa, A., Hanlon, R. T. 2008. Color matching on natural substrates in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194 (6): 577‐585.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Lindsay I Smith. 2002. A tutorial on Principal Components Analysis
http://www.cs.otago.ac.nz/cosc453/student_tutorials/principal_components.pdf
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Mäthger, L. M., Chiao, C.‐C., Barbosa, A., Hanlon, R. T. 2008. Color matching on natural substrates in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194 (6): 577‐585.
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
Visually mediated color matching cue:
Reflectance (Irradiance/Intensity)
not reliable by itself so vision gets assists from:
Limited number of skin pigments
Pigments adapted to have similar reflectance to substrates found in natural habitat
Leucophores and Iridophores reflecting ambient light
Decreased impact of wavelength with depth
COLORBLIND CAMOUFLAGE
COLORBLIND COLOR MATCHING
PATTERN MATCHING
Both benefit from limited but highly adapted repertoires
TEXTURE MATCHING
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