CS11-747 Neural Networks for NLP Adversarial...

CS11-747 Neural Networks for NLP

Adversarial MethodsGraham Neubig

Sitehttps://phontron.com/class/nn4nlp2019/

With many slides by Zihang Dai & Qizhe Xie

Generative Models

P (X) =X

Z

P (X | Z)P (Z)<latexit sha1_base64="gzwAYFR/DfB073PQH17WZuyNuCg=">AAACBnicbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPggSHsF1GK4J6EIZePE6wbmwtJU3TLSxpS5IKo+zmxa/ixYOKVz+DN7+N2daDbj4Q+OV535fkfYKUUaks69soLS2vrK6V1ysbm1vbO+bu3r1MMoGJgxOWiE6AJGE0Jo6iipFOKgjiASPtYHg9qbcfiJA0ie/UKCUeR/2YRhQjpS3fPGzVOnV4CV2Zcb8L9Q26nIawW9fcrftm1WpYU8FFsAuogkIt3/xywwRnnMQKMyRlz7ZS5eVIKIoZGVfcTJIU4SHqk57GGHEivXy6xxgeayeEUSL0iRWcur8ncsSlHPFAd3KkBnK+NjH/q/UyFZ17OY3TTJEYzx6KMgZVAiehwJAKghUbaUBYUP1XiAdIIKx0dBUdgj2/8iI4J42Lhn17Wm1eFWmUwQE4AjVggzPQBDegBRyAwSN4Bq/gzXgyXox342PWWjKKmX3wR8bnD0Lile8=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gzwAYFR/DfB073PQH17WZuyNuCg=">AAACBnicbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPggSHsF1GK4J6EIZePE6wbmwtJU3TLSxpS5IKo+zmxa/ixYOKVz+DN7+N2daDbj4Q+OV535fkfYKUUaks69soLS2vrK6V1ysbm1vbO+bu3r1MMoGJgxOWiE6AJGE0Jo6iipFOKgjiASPtYHg9qbcfiJA0ie/UKCUeR/2YRhQjpS3fPGzVOnV4CV2Zcb8L9Q26nIawW9fcrftm1WpYU8FFsAuogkIt3/xywwRnnMQKMyRlz7ZS5eVIKIoZGVfcTJIU4SHqk57GGHEivXy6xxgeayeEUSL0iRWcur8ncsSlHPFAd3KkBnK+NjH/q/UyFZ17OY3TTJEYzx6KMgZVAiehwJAKghUbaUBYUP1XiAdIIKx0dBUdgj2/8iI4J42Lhn17Wm1eFWmUwQE4AjVggzPQBDegBRyAwSN4Bq/gzXgyXox342PWWjKKmX3wR8bnD0Lile8=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gzwAYFR/DfB073PQH17WZuyNuCg=">AAACBnicbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPggSHsF1GK4J6EIZePE6wbmwtJU3TLSxpS5IKo+zmxa/ixYOKVz+DN7+N2daDbj4Q+OV535fkfYKUUaks69soLS2vrK6V1ysbm1vbO+bu3r1MMoGJgxOWiE6AJGE0Jo6iipFOKgjiASPtYHg9qbcfiJA0ie/UKCUeR/2YRhQjpS3fPGzVOnV4CV2Zcb8L9Q26nIawW9fcrftm1WpYU8FFsAuogkIt3/xywwRnnMQKMyRlz7ZS5eVIKIoZGVfcTJIU4SHqk57GGHEivXy6xxgeayeEUSL0iRWcur8ncsSlHPFAd3KkBnK+NjH/q/UyFZ17OY3TTJEYzx6KMgZVAiehwJAKghUbaUBYUP1XiAdIIKx0dBUdgj2/8iI4J42Lhn17Wm1eFWmUwQE4AjVggzPQBDegBRyAwSN4Bq/gzXgyXox342PWWjKKmX3wR8bnD0Lile8=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gzwAYFR/DfB073PQH17WZuyNuCg=">AAACBnicbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPggSHsF1GK4J6EIZePE6wbmwtJU3TLSxpS5IKo+zmxa/ixYOKVz+DN7+N2daDbj4Q+OV535fkfYKUUaks69soLS2vrK6V1ysbm1vbO+bu3r1MMoGJgxOWiE6AJGE0Jo6iipFOKgjiASPtYHg9qbcfiJA0ie/UKCUeR/2YRhQjpS3fPGzVOnV4CV2Zcb8L9Q26nIawW9fcrftm1WpYU8FFsAuogkIt3/xywwRnnMQKMyRlz7ZS5eVIKIoZGVfcTJIU4SHqk57GGHEivXy6xxgeayeEUSL0iRWcur8ncsSlHPFAd3KkBnK+NjH/q/UyFZ17OY3TTJEYzx6KMgZVAiehwJAKghUbaUBYUP1XiAdIIKx0dBUdgj2/8iI4J42Lhn17Wm1eFWmUwQE4AjVggzPQBDegBRyAwSN4Bq/gzXgyXox342PWWjKKmX3wR8bnD0Lile8=</latexit>

Generative Models

• Model a data distribution P(X) or a conditional one P(X|Y)

• Latent variable models: introduce another variable Z, and model

P (X) =X

Z

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What do we want from generative models?

• A “perfect” generative model

• Evaluate likelihood: P(x)

• e.g. Perplexity in language modeling

• Generate samples: x ~ P(X)

• e.g. Generate a sentence randomly from P(X) or conditioned on some other information using P(X|Y)

• Infer latent attributes: P(Z|X)

• e.g. Infer the “topic” of a sentence in topic models

No Generative Model is Perfect (so far)

Likelihood

Generation (image)

Inference

Non-Latent VAE GAN

• Mostly rely on MLE (Lower bound) based training

• GANs are particularly good at generating continuous samples

MLE vs. GAN

Image Credit: Lotter et al. 2015

MLE vs. GAN• Over-emphasis of common outputs, fuzziness

Image Credit: Lotter et al. 2015

MLE vs. GAN• Over-emphasis of common outputs, fuzziness

Real MLE Adversarial

Image Credit: Lotter et al. 2015

MLE vs. GAN• Over-emphasis of common outputs, fuzziness

• Note: this is probably a good idea if you are doing maximum likelihood!

Real MLE Adversarial

Image Credit: Lotter et al. 2015

Adversarial Training

Adversarial Training

• Basic idea: create a “discriminator” that criticizes some aspect of the generated output

Adversarial Training

• Basic idea: create a “discriminator” that criticizes some aspect of the generated output

• Generative adversarial networks: criticize the generated output

Adversarial Training

• Basic idea: create a “discriminator” that criticizes some aspect of the generated output

• Generative adversarial networks: criticize the generated output

• Adversarial feature learning: criticize the generated features to find some trait

Generative Adversarial Networks

Basic Paradigm• Two players: generator and discriminator

• Discriminator: given an image, try to tell whether it is real or not → P(image is real)

• Generator: try to generate an image that fools the discriminator into answering “real”

• Desired result at convergence

• Generator: generate perfect image

• Discriminator: cannot tell the difference

Training Method

xreal

sample minibatch

sample latent vars.

z

xfake

convert w/ generator

yreal

discriminator loss (higher if fail predictions)

generator loss (higher if correct predictions)

predict w/ discriminator

yfake

D gradientG gradient

In Equations• Discriminator loss function:

• Make generated data “less fake” → Zero sum loss:

• Make generated data “more real” → Heuristic non-saturating loss:

• Latter gives better gradients when discriminator accurate

`D(✓D, ✓G) = �1

2Ex⇠Pdata logD(x)� 1

2Ez log(1�D(G(z)))

Predict fake for fake data

`G(✓D, ✓G) = �1

2Ez logD(G(z))

`G(✓D, ✓G) = �`D(✓D, ✓G)

• Generator loss function:

P(fake) = 1 - P(real)

Predict real for real data

Interpretation: Distribution Matching

Process

• [Step1] Z ~ P(Z), P(Z) can be any distribution

• [Step2] X = F(Z), F is a deterministic function

Result

• X is a random variable with an implicit distribution P(X), which decided by both P(Z) and F

• The process can produce any complicated distribution P(X) with a reasonable P(Z) and a powerful enough F

Image Credit: He et al. 2018

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Neu

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Projec

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f�(e)<latexit sha1_base64="8oxgnabmEamXCM6ELWdhWTrrt8c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="JbCPJ2fHAGZa8Ebw6DTj/vvFjWE=">AAACHHicZVDLSgMxFM34rK2PqrhyM1iFCqXMuFF3RTcuK1hbaEvJpJk2NJkMyZ1CGeZbxK3u/QFxJW4FP8OFrs20Xdj2Qrgn554bTo4XcqbBcb6speWV1bX1zEY2t7m1vZPf3bvXMlKE1ojkUjU8rClnAa0BA04boaJYeJzWvcF1Oq8PqdJMBncwCmlb4F7AfEYwGKqTP/A7ccsTcSvssyQpppAmp518wSk747IXgTsFhcrxz8vrMPdb7eS/W11JIkEDIBxr3XSdENoxVsAIp0m2FWkaYjLAPdo0MMCC6nY8tp/YJ4bp2r5U5gRgj9n/GzEWWmDoG2Xa9MwsZUBKrktGBX2RtvSZ8V2PhFfyRCkVKe3rOSPgX7RjFoQR0IBMfPgRt0HaaVR2lylKgI8MwEQx8xWb9LHCBEygWZORO5/IIqidlS/Lzq3J6gpNKoMO0REqIhedowq6QVVUQwTF6BE9oWfrwXqz3q2PiXTJmu7so5myPv8Ah3SnJg==</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="JbCPJ2fHAGZa8Ebw6DTj/vvFjWE=">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</latexit>

zi ⇠ Symbolic Model<latexit sha1_base64="qRL/AxTFpgdIbBxTWc/weaeer2U=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Dnc6JOWSxrJAoiQOjwnmnyt3/Tw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="Dnc6JOWSxrJAoiQOjwnmnyt3/Tw=">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</latexit>

ei ⇠ N (µzi ,⌃zi)<latexit sha1_base64="8CLMr+o0dZvNiJKf88rFwAP//jQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N3CijJIqFBowULdbrh+WNrhPgX8=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="N3CijJIqFBowULdbrh+WNrhPgX8=">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</latexit>

xi = f�(ei)<latexit sha1_base64="270VJLD7gt0vH7AtNf4cVJpk6VA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="PuNsspGjpcc2SeVmkDWfr5ab2W0=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="PuNsspGjpcc2SeVmkDWfr5ab2W0=">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</latexit>

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Symbo

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Neu

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P(Z)

x = F(z)

P(X)

In Pseudo-Code• xreal ~ Training data

• z ~ P(Z) → Normal(0, 1) or Uniform(-1, 1)

• xfake = G(z)

• yreal = D(xreal) → P(xreal is real)

• yfake = D(xfake) → P(xfake is real)

• Train D: minD - log yreal - log (1 - yfake)

• Train G: minG - log yfake → non-saturating loss

Why are GANs good?

• Discriminator is a “learned metric” parameterized by powerful neural networks

• Can easily pick up any kind of discrepancy, e.g. blurriness, global inconsistency

• Generator has fine-grained (gradient) signals to inform it what and how to improve

Problems in GAN Training• GANs are great, but training is notoriously difficult

• Known problems • Convergence & Stability:

• WGAN (Arjovsky et al., 2017) • Gradient-Based Regularization (Roth et al., 2017)

• Mode collapse/dropping: • Mini-batch Discrimination (Salimans et al. 2016) • Unrolled GAN (Metz et al. 2016)

• Overconfident discriminator: • One-side label smoothing (Salimans et al. 2016)

Applying GANs to Text

Applications of GAN Objectives to Language

Applications of GAN Objectives to Language

• GANs for Language Generation (Yu et al. 2017)

Applications of GAN Objectives to Language

• GANs for Language Generation (Yu et al. 2017)

• GANs for MT (Yang et al. 2017, Wu et al. 2017, Gu et al. 2017)

Applications of GAN Objectives to Language

• GANs for Language Generation (Yu et al. 2017)

• GANs for MT (Yang et al. 2017, Wu et al. 2017, Gu et al. 2017)

• GANs for Dialogue Generation (Li et al. 2016)

Problem! Can’t Backprop through Sampling

xreal

sample minibatch

sample latent vars.

z

xfake

convert w/ generator

y

predict w/ discriminator

Problem! Can’t Backprop through Sampling

xreal

sample minibatch

sample latent vars.

z

xfake

convert w/ generator

y

predict w/ discriminator Discrete! Can’t backprop

Solution: Use Learning Methods for Latent Variables

Solution: Use Learning Methods for Latent Variables

• Policy gradient reinforcement learning methods (e.g. Yu et al. 2016)

Solution: Use Learning Methods for Latent Variables

• Policy gradient reinforcement learning methods (e.g. Yu et al. 2016)

• Reparameterization trick for latent variables using Gumbel softmax (Gu et al. 2017)

Discriminators for Sequences

Discriminators for Sequences

• Decide whether a particular generated output is true or not

Discriminators for Sequences

• Decide whether a particular generated output is true or not

• Commonly use CNNs as discriminators, either on sentences (e.g. Yu et al. 2017), or pairs of sentences (e.g. Wu et al. 2017)

Discriminators for Sequences

• Decide whether a particular generated output is true or not

• Commonly use CNNs as discriminators, either on sentences (e.g. Yu et al. 2017), or pairs of sentences (e.g. Wu et al. 2017)

GANs for Text are Hard! (Yang et al. 2017)

GANs for Text are Hard! (Yang et al. 2017)

Type of Discriminator

GANs for Text are Hard! (Yang et al. 2017)

Type of Discriminator

Strength of Discriminator

GANs for Text are Hard! (Wu et al. 2017)

GANs for Text are Hard! (Wu et al. 2017)

Learning Rate for Generator

GANs for Text are Hard! (Wu et al. 2017)

Learning Rate for GeneratorLearning Rate for Discriminator

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

D(this)

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

D(this)D(this is)

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

D(this)D(this is)

D(this is a)

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

D(this)D(this is)

D(this is a)D(this is a fake)

Stabilization Trick: Assigning Reward to Specific Actions• Getting a reward at the end of the sentence gives a

credit assignment problem

• Solution: assign reward for partial sequences (Yu et al. 2016, Li et al. 2017)

D(this)D(this is)

D(this is a)D(this is a fake)

D(this is a fake sentence)

Stabilization Tricks: Performing Multiple Rollouts

Stabilization Tricks: Performing Multiple Rollouts

• Like other methods using discrete samples, instability is a problem

Stabilization Tricks: Performing Multiple Rollouts

• Like other methods using discrete samples, instability is a problem

• This can be helped somewhat by doing multiple rollouts (Yu et al. 2016)

Stabilization Tricks: Performing Multiple Rollouts

• Like other methods using discrete samples, instability is a problem

• This can be helped somewhat by doing multiple rollouts (Yu et al. 2016)

Discrimination over Softmax Results (Hu et al. 2017)

• Attempt to generate outputs with a specific trait (e.g. tense, sentiment)

• Discriminator over the softmax results

x h yP(y)Adversary!

Adversarial Feature Learning

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

x h y

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

x h yAdversary!

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h yAdversary!

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h y

x h y

Adversary!

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h y

x h y

Adversary!

Adversary!

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h y

x h y

Adversary!

Adversary!

• Why adversaries over features?

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h y

x h y

Adversary!

Adversary!

• Why adversaries over features?• Non-generative tasks

Adversaries over Features vs. Over Outputs

• Generative adversarial networks

• Adversarial feature learning

x h y

x h y

Adversary!

Adversary!

• Why adversaries over features?• Non-generative tasks• Continuous features easier than discrete outputs

Learning Domain-invariant Representations (Ganin et al. 2016)

Learning Domain-invariant Representations (Ganin et al. 2016)

• Learn features that cannot be distinguished by domain

Learning Domain-invariant Representations (Ganin et al. 2016)

• Learn features that cannot be distinguished by domain

Learning Domain-invariant Representations (Ganin et al. 2016)

• Learn features that cannot be distinguished by domain

• Interesting application to synthetically generated or stale data (Kim et al. 2017)

Learning Language-invariant Representations

Learning Language-invariant Representations

• Chen et al. (2016) learn language-invariant representations for text classification

Learning Language-invariant Representations

• Chen et al. (2016) learn language-invariant representations for text classification

Learning Language-invariant Representations

• Chen et al. (2016) learn language-invariant representations for text classification

• Also on multi-lingual machine translation (Xie et al. 2017)

Adversarial Multi-task Learning (Liu et al. 2017)

Adversarial Multi-task Learning (Liu et al. 2017)

• Basic idea: want some features in a shared space across tasks, others separate

Adversarial Multi-task Learning (Liu et al. 2017)

• Basic idea: want some features in a shared space across tasks, others separate

Adversarial Multi-task Learning (Liu et al. 2017)

• Basic idea: want some features in a shared space across tasks, others separate

• Method: adversarial discriminator on shared features, orthogonality constraints on separate features

Implicit Discourse Connection Classification w/ Adversarial Objective

(Qin et al. 2017)

Implicit Discourse Connection Classification w/ Adversarial Objective

(Qin et al. 2017)• Idea: implicit discourse relations are not explicitly

marked, but would like to detect them if they are

Implicit Discourse Connection Classification w/ Adversarial Objective

(Qin et al. 2017)• Idea: implicit discourse relations are not explicitly

marked, but would like to detect them if they are

• Text with explicit discourse connectives should be the same as text without!

Implicit Discourse Connection Classification w/ Adversarial Objective

(Qin et al. 2017)• Idea: implicit discourse relations are not explicitly

marked, but would like to detect them if they are

• Text with explicit discourse connectives should be the same as text without!

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

• Halfway in between a discriminator on discrete outputs and feature learning

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

• Halfway in between a discriminator on discrete outputs and feature learning

• Generate output sequence according to model

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

• Halfway in between a discriminator on discrete outputs and feature learning

• Generate output sequence according to model

• But train discriminator on hidden states

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

• Halfway in between a discriminator on discrete outputs and feature learning

• Generate output sequence according to model

• But train discriminator on hidden states

x h y

(sampled or true output sequence)

Professor Forcing (Lamb et al. 2016)

• Halfway in between a discriminator on discrete outputs and feature learning

• Generate output sequence according to model

• But train discriminator on hidden states

Adversary!x h y

(sampled or true output sequence)

Unsupervised Distribution Matching

Unsupervised Style Transfer for Text (Shen et al. 2017)

• Task: transfer sentences with one style to another style • Decipherment: Translate ciphered sentences to natural sentences (A simpler case of

unsupervised MT) • Transfer sentences with positive sentiment to negative sentiment. • Word reordering

• Impressive performance on decipherment

Unsupervised Alignment of Word Embeddings (Lample et al. 2018)• We have two word embedding spaces (A) in different languages

• Define a function (e.g. orthogonal transform) to map between the spaces

• Use adversarial loss to try to align (B), further find closest words (C), use supervised objective (D)

Unsupervised Machine Translation (Lample et al. 2017, Artetxe et al. 2017)

• Methods:

• Cycle consistency (dual learning) (He et al. 2016, Zhu et al. 2017)

• Employing denoising auto-encoder to refine translated sentence

Adversarial Robustness

Problem!Networks Sensitive to Small Perturbations

(e.g. Belinkov et al. 2018)

Adversarial Noise: Noise Specifically Designed to Break

Systems• Relatively simple to perform attacks on image

classification systems: calculate gradient to maximize loss

• More difficult for text because input is discrete, but still some success (e.g. Ebrahimi et al. 2018)

What is an Adversarial Example? (Michel et al. 2019)

• It should be "meaning preserving" on the source side, and "meaning destroying" on the target side

• Meaning defined by semantic similarity (whatever that means)

Adversarial Training

• We'd like to train our models to be robust to attacks!

• Simplest idea: sample adversarial examples at training time and make sure that they are also classified correctly

• Lots of theory, but little for NLP taskshttps://adversarial-ml-tutorial.org

Questions?