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Countering Terrorism and Democratization: Case Study of Turkey Süleyman ÖZEREN, Ph. D.
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Countering Terrorism and Countering Terrorism and
DemocratizationDemocratization: :
Case Study of Turkey Case Study of Turkey
Süleyman ÖZEREN, Ph. D.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Introduction
Conceptualization and Understanding of
the Threat
Case study: PKK/KCK Terrorist organization
Counterterrorism strategy
Current process
Integrated Counterterrorism Strategy:
Whole-of-society approach
Conclusion
TURKEY AND TERRORISM TURKEY AND TERRORISM
3
Separatist terrorist gropus – PKK/KCK
Left wing terrorist organizations –
DHKP/C
Terrorist organizations exploiting
religion.
UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM
Multi ethnicNot classical hierarchical structureNot centrally structuredProfiles of the terrorists may varyMore deadly methods are in placeBroader target profileFinancial resources are broaderCyberterrorism and the use of communication technologies International and transnational,Has a broader impact on international relations (Afghanistan
and Iraq…)Most of the time the religion of Islam is considered as the
source of radicalization…
4
• Terrorism is a crime, having different dynamics.
• Terrorism; violence, anger, vengeance, blood,
illegitimacy, no rule,
• State; democracy, human rights, winning the
hearts and minds of the people, bounded by rules.
• Competition between the terrorists and the state
• The competition is all about gaining the ground.
• Terrorists force the state to deviate from the path
of rule of law,
UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM
TERRORISM IS A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY TERRORISM IS A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
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Political periphery
Society
Security Agencies Business
& Capital
Media
Terrorist group
CONCEPTUALCONCEPTUALIIZATZATIION ON
How you conceptualize terrorism will determine
your counterterrorism policies.
Conceptualization, not frame working; Islamic, Islamists,
global jihadi network, jihadi terrrorism, etc. Terrorist
are using the same concepts to describe themselves.
The society will be pushed away, at least they won’t
be supportive of what you are doing.
Identification of the ideological background is crucial
Concepts should be carefully used
INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGEINDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGE
INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGEINDIVIDUAL PROFILE- AGE
45% of the members of the PKK/KCK is between the age of 30-34.
INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- PROFESSION INDIVIDUAL PROFILE- PROFESSION
LEVEL OF EDUCATION LEVEL OF EDUCATION
11
GENDER AND MARITAL STATUS
77 of % the members of the
PKK/KCK terrorists are male and 23
% are female.
92 of % the members of the
PKK/KCK terrorists are single and
8% of them are married.
MONEY- LAUNDERİNG THROUGH ROJ TV
13
PROPAGANDA & COMMUNICATION
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WEB SITES OF THE PKK AND AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS
www.diclehaber.com www.firatnews.com
www.hpg-online.com www.nadir.org
www.newroz.com www.newroz.net
www.pkk.org www.rojaciwan.com
www.rojaciwan.net www.serxwebun.com
www.serxwebun.org www.teyrenkurdistan.com
www.azadiyawelat.com www.beroj.com
www.ciwanen.org www.gelawej.org
www.sehid.com www.halklarinsesi.com
www.gunluk.com www.gündem-online.com
www.yeniözgürpolitika.com www.yüksekovagüncel.com
www.dozaciwan.com
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COUNTERTERRORISM STAGES
COUNTERING TERRORISM AND CRISIS COUNTERING TERRORISM AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
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WHO IS DEALING WITH WHO IS DEALING WITH TERRORISM IN TURKISH TERRORISM IN TURKISH GOVERNMENT?GOVERNMENT?
17
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
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WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
Correctional System “Return to Life” operation in December 2000
Change from a dormitory system to F type cell
prevent recruitment
prevent propaganda
isolating the leadership Camera systems
Cells in the police centers are monitored for 24 hours.
Recording system cannot be altered.
19
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
Establishment of the Financial Crimes Investigation Board (MASAK) within the Ministry of Finance
The mission of MASAK is to make policies and to contribute making regulations,
to collect information fast and reliably and to analyze them,
to carry out examination and research,
and to convey the acquired information and results to
relevant authorities.
20
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
Human Rights Training to Law Enforcement Personnel
During the course, awareness of the officers about human rights,
international principles with respect to human rights
specific actions leading to violations of human rights are examined in order to avoid such violations.
21
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
Anti-terrorism LawThe first criterion concerns the modus operandi: the law stipulates that terrorism involves the use of coercion, violence, terror, intimidation or threats.
The second criterion concerns the purposes for which the act is perpetrated.
The final criterion is that, in order to be considered a terrorist act, the act must have been committed by a person or persons belonging to an organization.
22
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
The law on compensation for damage arising from terrorism or efforts to counter terrorismLaw No. 5233 on compensation for damage resulting from terrorism or efforts to counter terrorism was enacted on 17 July 2004.
The main aim of this law is to establish the rules and procedures governing compensation for physical injury and material damage, and losses arising from the impossibility of returning to villages destroyed by terrorist activities or in the course of efforts to combat terrorism.
The Rehabilitation (repentance) LawThe main aim of Law No. 4959 of 29 July 2003 on social rehabilitation is to reintegrate members of terrorist organisations into Turkish society to strengthen peace and solidarity.
23
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
The Law on Prevention of Money LaunderingThe object of this law is to set forth the fundamentals that shall be applied for the prevention of money laundering.
Under this law: money-laundering offences are deemed to be offences preparatory to terrorism against the state. The Law on Witness Protection
24
WHAT HAVE BEEN WHAT HAVE BEEN DONE? DONE?
Public Awareness, social projects, communication with families…Projects
Development of Prevention Strategies and Tactics in Fighting against Radicalization in Terrorist Organization
Developing Prevention Model in Countering Terrorism
Training Activities
Workshops
25
PREVENTION ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACTIVITIES
No quick fix and need to know it will take time.
Value system enlargement policies.Target groups need to be identified and
contacted before terrorist organizations.A constructive relationship with the
media.Suggestions need to fit in cultural
structure.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
Increase in cultural awareness of public officials especially by the concerned agencies.
Special attention to prisons and incarceration system.
Attention to social policies followed by prison sentences.
National and international cooperation.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
Social groups, movements, with moderate voice should be reached out by the governments.
A harmonized groups, composed of different religious, cultural, ethnic background can be a constructive base for efforts.
Such NGOs should be more active.
When we start with a wrong question of whether such NGOs have affiliation with terrorism, then whatever the answer we get will not lead us to the right direction.
The question should be “how can the governments work together with these NGOs?”
Governments should take a step forward and empower civil society to counter radicalization.
What should be done? What should be done?
Most of the time it is expected that the government agency calls the first shot to initiate dialogue,
Governments should take a step forward and empower civil society to counter radicalization,
This is not an easy task since it involves enduring effort to reach out every segment of the society.
How the government agencies and NGOs can realize ‘confidence building’ is the heart of the matter.
If there is an issue of ‘trusting each other’ then it should be the government agency to be the first to enlist some kind of dialogue or communication.
What should be done? What should be done?
Most of the time those in counterterrorism sector become ‘the victims of their own presumptive concerns’,
These individuals become captives of their concerns, emanating from
• lack of communication,
• lack of knowledge,
• miscommunication, or
• misguided perceptions.
• When it comes to enlisting channels of communication, same dilemma applies to the NGOs or religious groups as well.
• To overcome such a dilemma security apparatus, agencies, local governments, and NGOs should work together at the organizational level as well as community level.
What should be done? What should be done?
Macro level policies and micro level policies are directly related to each other.
The success of macro level policies can be determined by the micro level ones.
Face-to-face interactions are as important as the large scale projects.
Both should go hand-to-hand. NGOs become focal point for reaching out the
society. Public diplomacy: National and international level
What should be done? What should be done?
CURRENT PROCESS
33
34
PARADIGM SHIFT IN COUNTERING TERRORISM
CONCLUSION
36
Thank you for your
participation
Süleyman ÖZEREN, Ph.D.
Director
International Center for Terrorism and Transnational Crime
Police Academy
Anittepe, Ankara, Turkey
(cell) + 90 505 655 4278
(office) + 90 312 462 9080
(fax) + 90 312 412 5296
(Email) sozeren@egm.gov.tr
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