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Cotton breedingCotton breedingin Frenchin French--speaking Africa:speaking Africa:Milestones and prospectsMilestones and prospects
Dominique Dominique DessauwDessauw & Bernard & Bernard HauHau
22
IntroductionIntroduction
Cotton in FrenchCotton in French--speaking Africa:speaking Africa:
Is cultivated by 2 million smallholders Is cultivated by 2 million smallholders
Provides a lifeline for 12 million peopleProvides a lifeline for 12 million people
Represents 50 Represents 50 -- 90% of the total 90% of the total
export income for Mali, Burkina Faso,export income for Mali, Burkina Faso,
Benin and Chad.Benin and Chad.
33
HistoryHistory
1946: beginning of breeding programs1946: beginning of breeding programs
different populations were being grown:different populations were being grown:
�� G. G. barbadensebarbadense ((IshanIshan and Mono) along and Mono) along forest edges.forest edges.
�� G. G. hirsutumhirsutum resistant to resistant to bacteriosisbacteriosis(Allen, (Allen, NN’’kouralakourala) or with high GOT ) or with high GOT (Triumph) in (Triumph) in savannasavanna areas.areas.
1950s: chemicals pesticides (DDT)1950s: chemicals pesticides (DDT)
1960s: 1960s: LLLLLLLL G. G. hirsutumhirsutum cultivars prevailedcultivars prevailed
44
BreedingBreeding objectivesobjectives
Geneticists favoured a Geneticists favoured a
particular type of plant:particular type of plant:
�� High vegetative growthHigh vegetative growth
�� Very floriferousVery floriferous
�� Indeterminate typeIndeterminate type
�� High GOT & Fibre qualityHigh GOT & Fibre quality
55
AfricanAfrican cv typecv type
66
InterestInterest of of AfricanAfrican cv typecv type
This type of plant:This type of plant:
�� Facilitates the staggered manual Facilitates the staggered manual
harvesting (long opening boll period)harvesting (long opening boll period)
�� Tolerates the stress (high shedding Tolerates the stress (high shedding
compensation ability)compensation ability)
77
Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal
90904646--0606
330101--0606
31319191--0000
20208181--9090
14147171--8080
556161--7070
Cultivars Cultivars
releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod
88
Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal
8890904646--0606
--330101--0606
7731319191--0000
8820208181--9090
8814147171--8080
1111556161--7070
Mean cropping Mean cropping
span span (years)(years)
Cultivars Cultivars
releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod
99
Cultivar Cultivar renewalrenewal
5.55.58890904646--0606
5.95.9--330101--0606
4.74.77731319191--0000
5.95.98820208181--9090
5.85.88814147171--8080
5.05.01111556161--7070
Mean age Mean age (years)(years)
Mean cropping Mean cropping
span span (years)(years)
Cultivars Cultivars
releasedreleasedPeriodPeriod
1010
Main cultivarsMain cultivars
21 21 cvcv with a cropping period > 10 yearswith a cropping period > 10 years
The most important The most important cvcv::
1010
1414
1111
2222
1717
1313
1515
YearsYears
Mali, BFMali, BF2.22.2STAM 59ASTAM 59A
CamCam, CAR, Chad, Senegal, Benin, CAR, Chad, Senegal, Benin2.22.2IRMA 96+97IRMA 96+97
Benin, Benin, MaliMali2.32.3STAM 18ASTAM 18A
MaliMali, BF, CAR, , BF, CAR, CameroonCameroon2.32.3BJA 592BJA 592
Benin, Togo, Mali, Benin, Togo, Mali, SenegalSenegal, , ChadChad2.82.8STAM FSTAM F
MaliMali, CI, CI2.92.9NN’’TA 88TA 88--66
CI, BF, CAR, CI, BF, CAR, MaliMali, Madagascar, Madagascar4.34.3ISA 205ISA 205
CountriesCountries10106 6 hahaCultivarCultivar
CI=Côte d’Ivoire, BF=Burkina Faso, CAR=Central African Republic, Cam=Cameroon
1111
CroppingCropping areaarea(1000 ha)(1000 ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
1212
Area SC production
SeedSeed cottoncotton productionproduction(1000 t)(1000 t)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
1313
Area SC production F production
Fibre productionFibre production(1000 t)(1000 t)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
1414
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
Seed cotton
1515
Seed cotton Fibre
YieldYield(kg/ha)(kg/ha)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
1616
EarlinessEarliness
6464
4747
3030
4040
1919
2929
1414
R1/RT R1/RT
%%
5.35.31111116161IRCO 5028IRCO 5028
4.04.095955151IRMA D 742IRMA D 742
4.04.01011015252IRMA A 1239IRMA A 1239
6.06.01091095959L 142L 142--99
5.95.91141146161BJA 592BJA 592
6.46.41111115959Allen 333Allen 333
5.65.61141146161Allen communAllen commun
N1FB N1FB
nodesnodes11stst boll boll
daysdays11stst flower flower
daysdaysCultivarCultivar
1717
GinningGinning outturnoutturn(%)(%)
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
1951-
1960
1961-
1970
1971-
1980
1981-
1990
1991-
2000
2001-
2006
1818
Fibre Fibre lengthlength
27
28
29
30
31
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
STAM
279
AFK
290
SL2.5 (mm)SL2.5 (mm)
44
45
46
47
48
49
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
FK 290
STAM
279
A
UR (%)UR (%)
1919
StelometerStelometer
17
19
21
23
25
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
STAM
279
AFK
290
T1 (g/tex)T1 (g/tex)
5
6
7
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
FK 290
STAM
279
A
E1 (%)E1 (%)
2020
MaturityMaturity and and finenessfineness
160
180
200
220
240
260
HsHs ((mtexmtex))
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
FK 290
STAM
279
A
IMIM
75
77
79
81
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
STAM
279
AFK
290
PM (%)PM (%)
2121
ColorimetryColorimetry
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
STAM
279
AFK
290
Rd (%)Rd (%)
9
10
11
Allen 33
3Reb
a B50
BJA 592
IRCO
502
8
IRMA 96
+97
ISA 20
5ST
AM F
STAM
42
STAM
18A
FK 290
STAM
279
A
+b+b
2222
ProspectsProspects
Improvement in yieldImprovement in yield
GMOGMO
Improvement in fibre qualityImprovement in fibre quality
2323
ConclusionConclusion
Breeding programs have contributed Breeding programs have contributed
to the success of cotton development to the success of cotton development
in Africain Africa
2 million ha cultivated with CIRAD 2 million ha cultivated with CIRAD cvcv
FrenchFrench--speak. Africa is the 2speak. Africa is the 2ndnd--ranking ranking
cotton exporter in the Worldcotton exporter in the World
The use of biotechnologies The use of biotechnologies should lead should lead
to further improvementsto further improvements
2424
Thanks to the National Agricultural Research Thanks to the National Agricultural Research Institutes which collaborate with CIRAD Institutes which collaborate with CIRAD and CIRAD breeders and technologistsand CIRAD breeders and technologists
2525
ThankThank youyouforfor
youryour attentionattention
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