Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. CHAPTER 6 Gene Expression:...

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

CHAPTER 6Gene Expression:

Translation

Peter J. Russell

Translation and the genetic code

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.17 Diagram of a polysome, a number of ribosomes each translating the same

mRNA sequentially

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.3 Mechanism for peptide bond formation between the carboxyl group of one

amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.4 Four levels of protein structure

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.6 Reversion of a deletion frameshift mutation by a nearby addition mutation

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.7 Hypothetical example showing how three nearby + (addition) mutations

restore the reading frame, giving normal or near-normal function

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.8 The genetic code

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.9 Example of base-pairing wobble

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.11 Molecular details of the attachment of an amino acid to a tRNA molecule

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.10 Charging of a tRNA molecule by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to produce an

aminoacyl-tRNA (charged tRNA)

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.12 Initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.14 Sequences involved in the binding of ribosomes to the mRNA in the

initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.16 The formation of a peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a

polypeptide chain is catalyzed on the ribosome by peptidyl transferase

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.15 Elongation stage of translation in prokaryotes

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.18 Termination of translation

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.19 Movement of secretory proteins through the cell membrane system

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Fig. 6.20 Model for the translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum in

eukaryotes

Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.