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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm.
Head
Tail
Surfaceectoderm
Neuralplate
Pg 475
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
2 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neuralgroove, flanked by neural folds.
Neural folds
Neuralgroove
Pg 475
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3 Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest,which will form much of the PNS and many other structures.
Neural crest
Pg 475
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Surfaceectoderm
Head
Tail
Neuraltube
4 The neural groove becomes the neural tube, whichwill form CNS structures.
Pg 475
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(e) Adultneuralcanalregions
(d) Adult brainstructures
(a)Neuraltube
(c) Secondary brainvesicles
(b) Primary brainvesicles
Anterior(rostral)
Posterior(caudal) Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Brain stem: medullaoblongata
Brain stem: pons
Brain stem: midbrain
Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus,epithalamus), retina
Cerebrum: cerebralhemispheres (cortex,white matter, basal nuclei)
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
Mesencephalon(midbrain)
Prosencephalon(forebrain)
Central canal
Fourthventricle
Cerebralaqueduct
Third ventricle
Lateralventricles
Pg 429
Primitive brainReflexes
MammalianEmotion
Neocortex
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Metencephalon
Anterior (rostral) Posterior (caudal)
MesencephalonDiencephalon Midbrain
Cervical
Spinal cord
Flexures
TelencephalonMyelencephalon
(a) Week 5
Pg 430
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MidbrainCerebellumPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebral hemisphere
Outline of diencephalon
(b) Week 13
Pg 430
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CerebellumPonsMedullaoblongata Spinal cord
Cerebralhemisphere
(c) Week 26Pg 430
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Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebralhemisphere
(d) Birth
Brain stem• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla
oblongata
Pg 4303 Lbs. Gelatinous mass
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Parietallobe
Frontal lobe
Right cerebralhemisphereOccipitallobe
Left cerebralhemisphere
Cerebral veinsand arteriescovered byarachnoidmater
Longitudinalfissure
Posterior(c)
Anterior
Pg 432Cerebrum
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
.
Corona radiata
Projectionfibers
Longitudinal fissure
Gray matter/Cortex
White matter
Associationfibers
Lateralventricle
Fornix
Thirdventricle
Thalamus
Pons
Medulla oblongataDecussationof pyramids
Commissuralfibers (corpus callosum)
Internalcapsule
Superior
Basal nuclei• Caudate• Putamen
• Globuspallidus
(a)
Pg 438
2 mmTrue dendrites and cell bodiesConvoluted
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Postcentralgyrus
Centralsulcus
Precentralgyrus
Frontallobe
(a)
Parietal lobeParieto-occipital sulcus(on medial surfaceof hemisphere)Lateral sulcus
Transverse cerebral fissure
Occipital lobeTemporal lobe
CerebellumPons
Medulla oblongataSpinal cord
Cortex (gray matter)
Fissure(a deepsulcus)
Gyrus
Sulcus-Shallow grooveWhite matter
Pg 432
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Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
1
234
5
6
7
8
Angular Gyrus
10
11
12
13
Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
.
Genitals
Toes
Intra-abdominalSwallowing
Tongue
Jaw
Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)
Primary somato-sensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)
Motor
Motor map inprecentral gyrus
Sensory
Sensory map inpostcentral gyrus
Posterior
Anterior
Discrete Motor Control
-Voluntary-Skeletal Muscle-Spacial
-Facilitory Impulses-Contralateral-Damage
435
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Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
1
234
L5
6
7
8
Angular Gyrus
10
11
12
13
Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex
Motor aphasia
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
1
234
5
6
7
8
Angular Gyrus
10
11
12
13
Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex
-Hear what you see-See what you hear
Puts words in order
Fluent Aphasia (Word Salad)AgraphiaAlexia
Primary Motor Cortex
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Frontal eye field
Prefrontalcortex
Processes emotionsrelated to personaland social interactions
(b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere
Olfactory bulbOrbitofrontalcortex
Olfactory tractFornix
Temporal lobe
Corpuscallosum
Premotor cortexPrimarymotor cortex
Cingulategyrus Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortex
Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipitalsulcus
Somatosensoryassociation cortex
Occipitallobe
Visualassociationarea
Calcarine sulcusParahippocampalgyrus
UncusPrimaryolfactory cortex
Primaryvisual cortex
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex
Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
1
234
5
6
7
8
Angular Gyrus
10
11
12
13
Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genitals
Toes
Intra-abdominalSwallowing
Tongue
Jaw
Primary motorcortex(precentral gyrus)
Primary somato-sensory cortex(postcentral gyrus)
Motor
Motor map inprecentral gyrus
Sensory
Sensory map inpostcentral gyrus
Posterior
Anterior
Pg 435
-contralateral-Locates-Determines kind and strength of sensation-Projects-Damage
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Gustatory cortex(in insula)
Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye field
Working memoryfor spatial tasksExecutive area fortask managementWorking memory forobject-recall tasks
Broca’s area(outlined by dashes)
Solving complex,multitask problems
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere
Motor areas
Prefrontal cortex
Sensory areas and relatedassociation areas
Central sulcus
Primary somatosensorycortexSomatosensoryassociation cortex
Somaticsensation
Taste
Wernicke’s area(outlined by dashes)
Primary visualcortexVisualassociation area
Vision
Auditoryassociation areaPrimaryauditory cortex
Hearing
Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortexSensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex
Pg 434
1
234
5
6
7
8
Angular Gyrus
10
11
12
13
Gnostic Area-sensory to prefrontal cortex
damage
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Corona radiata
Projectionfibers
Longitudinal fissure
Gray matter
White matter
Associationfibers
Lateralventricle
Fornix
Thirdventricle
Thalamus
Pons
Medulla oblongataDecussationof pyramids
Commissuralfibers (corpus callosum)
Internalcapsule
Superior
Basal nuclei (Ganglia)• Caudate• Putamen
• Globuspallidus
(a) Pg 438
-Medulla-White Matter-Myelinated axons-Oligodendrocytes
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Fibers ofcorona radiata
Corpusstriatum
Projection fibersrun deep to lentiform nucleus
Caudatenucleus Thalamus
Tail ofcaudatenucleus
Lentiformnucleus• Putamen• Globus pallidus (deep to putamen)
Pg 442
-Control of large, skilled movements-Smooth, orderly movement-Too little dopamine= Parkinson’s Disease
Substantia NigraInh.
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Anterior horn
Interventricularforamen
Inferiorhorn
Lateralaperture
(b) Left lateral view
Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
(a) Anterior view
Fourth ventricleCentral canal
Inferior horn
Posteriorhorn
MedianapertureLateralaperture
Pg 431
4 Ventricles and spinal canal
Support
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Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Interven-tricularforamen
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Pg 440Diencephalon (mammalian brain)
Relay center
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Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the
diencephalon (purple).View (c)
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Pineal gland
Diencephalon
Anterior wall offourth ventricle
(c) Dorsal view
Thalamus
Dorsal root offirst cervical nerve
Midbrain• Superior
colliculus• Inferior
colliculus• Trochlear nerve (IV)• Superior cerebellar peduncle
Corporaquadrigeminaof tectum
Medulla oblongata• Inferior cerebellar peduncle• Facial nerve (VII)• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)• Vagus nerve (X)• Accessory nerve (XI)
Pons• Middle cerebellar peduncle
Dorsal median sulcus
Choroid plexus(fourth ventricle)
Pg 445
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structures of the diencephalon.
Dorsal nuclei
Medial
Anteriornucleargroup
Reticularnucleus
Ventralanterior
Ventrallateral
Ventralpostero-lateral
Lateralgeniculatebody
Medialgeniculatebody
Pulvinar
Lateraldorsal
Lateralposterior
(a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” thethalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.)
Ventral nuclei
Pg 442
-Clusters of cell bodies-Relays all sensory (except smell) and most motor-Gets a crude determination
hearing
vision
General senses
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Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Interven-tricularforamen
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Pg 440Diencephalon (mammalian brain)
Relay center
SAD
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Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Interven-tricularforamen
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Pg 440Diencephalon (mammalian brain)
Relay center
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structures of the diencephalon.
Preopticnucleus
SupraopticnucleusSupra-chiasmatic nucleus
Anteriorhypothalamicnucleus
Dorsomedialnucleus
Paraventricularnucleus
FornixAnteriorcommissure
PosteriorhypothalamicnucleusLateralhypothalamicareaVentromedialnucleus
OpticchiasmaInfundibulum(stalk of thepituitary gland)
Pituitarygland
Mammillarybody
(b) The main hypothalamic nuclei.
Arcuatenucleus
Homeostasis-blood sugar (hunger)-Water (thirst)-Hormones-ANS-Body temp
-Sends axons to spinal cord and pit gland
Rage, Aggression, Sexual responses
Pg 442
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1
2
3
When appropriatelystimulated, hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary capillary plexus.
Hypothalamic hormones travel through the portal veins to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate or inhibit release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitaryhormones are secreted into the secondary capillary plexus.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic neuroncell bodies
Hypophysealportal system
Superiorhypophyseal artery
(b) Relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
Anterior lobeof pituitaryTSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL
• Primary capillary plexus• Hypophyseal portal veins• Secondary capillary plexus
Pg 601
infundibulum
glandular
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
2
3
4
Hypothalamicneuronssynthesize oxytocin and ADH.
Oxytocin and ADH aretransported along the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin and ADH arestored in axon terminals in the posterior pituitary.
Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood when hypothalamic neurons fire.
Paraventricularnucleus Supraopticnucleus Optic chiasma
Hypothalamus
Inferiorhypophyseal artery
OxytocinADH
Infundibulum (connecting stalk)Hypothalamic-hypophysealtract
Axon terminalsPosteriorlobe ofpituitary
(a) Relationship between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
Pg 600
Neurosecretory cells
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Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Interven-tricularforamen
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Pg 440Brain Stem
Cerebral peduncles-projection fibers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.15c Three views of the brain stem (green) and the
diencephalon (purple).View (c)
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medullaoblongata
Pineal gland
Diencephalon
Anterior wall offourth ventricle
(c) Dorsal view
Thalamus
Dorsal root offirst cervical nerve
Midbrain• Superior
colliculus• Inferior
colliculus• Trochlear nerve (IV)• Superior cerebellar peduncle
Corporaquadrigeminaof tectum
Medulla oblongata• Inferior cerebellar peduncle• Facial nerve (VII)• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)• Vagus nerve (X)• Accessory nerve (XI)
Pons• Middle cerebellar peduncle
Dorsal median sulcus
Choroid plexus(fourth ventricle)
Pg 444
Vision
Hearing
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Corpus callosum
Choroid plexusThalamus(encloses third ventricle)
Pineal gland(part of epithalamus)
Posterior commissure
CorporaquadrigeminaCerebralaqueductArbor vitae (ofcerebellum)Fourth ventricleChoroid plexusCerebellum
Septum pellucidum
Interthalamicadhesion(intermediatemass of thalamus)
Interven-tricularforamen
Anteriorcommissure
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Mammillary bodyPonsMedulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Mid-brain
Fornix
Pg 440Brain Stem
Hindbrain
Projection, back-up resp.
Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
Vestibular apparatus
Speed & Direction of movement-Dysmetria-Intention tremor-Rebound phenomenon-Robot movement
Primary Motor Cortex
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(a)
Medullaoblongata
Flocculonodular lobe
Fourth ventricle Posterior
lobe
Arbor vitae
Cerebellarcortex
Anterior lobe
Choroid plexus
Pons
Pg 448
Controls reflex activity for survival-Cardiac center, vasomotor, MRC (breathing), vomiting, salivation, swallowing-Cross over of neurons
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Clicker Question: Identify which of the following statements about the brain are true.1. The superior colliculi are involved in hearing reflexes.2. The major relay station for sensory and motor input is the hypothalamus.3. Fibers that connect areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere are known as association fibers.4. The Broca’s area would help you to understand what is being communicated to you.5. A major function of the basal ganglia (nuclei) is to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity.
A. 1,3,5 B. 2,3,5, C. 3,5 D. 2,3,4
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Visualimpulses
Reticular formation
Ascending generalsensory tracts(touch, pain, temperature)
Descendingmotor projectionsto spinal cord
Auditoryimpulses
Radiationsto cerebralcortex
Pg 452
RAS: Reticular Activating System
99% Filtered
1% Alert Signals
-Inhibited by sleep center (hypo)-Damage
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Corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Olfactory bulb
Diencephalic structuresof the limbic system
•Anterior thalamic nuclei (flanking 3rd ventricle)•Hypothalamus•Mammillary body
Fiber tractsconnecting limbic system structures
•Fornix•Anterior commissure
Cerebral struc-tures of the limbic system
•Cingulate gyrus•Septal nuclei•Amygdala•Hippocampus•Dentate gyrus•Parahippocampal gyrus
Pg 449
The Limbic System-Primitive Emotions & Instincts-Memory Formation and Recall
Hippocampus-short-term-NE & serotonin-Damage (anterograde amnesia)-Recall
Amygdala-Strong emotion-Long term-Response
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Outside stimuli
General and special sensory receptors
Data transferinfluenced by:
Excitement /VividRehearsal /RepeatedAssociation ofold and new data /Relevant
Long-termmemory(LTM)
Data permanentlylost
Afferent inputs
Retrieval
Forget
Forget
Data selectedfor transfer
Automaticmemory
Data unretrievable
Temporary storage(buffer) in cerebral cortex
Short-termmemory (STM)
Pg 456Cortex
Hippocampus
Nucleus Basalis(Basal Forebrain)
Amygdala-strong emotions
Alzheimer’s Disease
Aluminum?
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Beta-amyloid plaques
Test?
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Skin of scalpPeriosteum
Falx cerebri(in longitudinalfissure only)
Blood vesselArachnoid villusPia materArachnoid mater
Duramater Meningeal
Periosteal
Bone of skull
Superiorsagittal sinus
Subduralspace
Subarachnoidspace
Pg 459
Serous fl.
CSFDural sinuses-contain blood &CSF-Transverse F.Longitudinal F.Cerebellum
Continue down to cover spinal cord
Meninges
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Superiorsagittal sinus
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid spaceArachnoid materMeningeal dura materPeriosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle
Central canalof spinal cord
Choroidplexus
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueductLateral apertureFourth ventricleMedian aperture
(a) CSF circulation
CSF is produced by thechoroid plexus of eachventricle.
1
CSF flows through theventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord.
2
CSF flows through thesubarachnoid space. 3
CSF is absorbed into the dural venoussinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4
1
2
3
4
Pg 461
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Ependymalcells
Capillary
Connectivetissue ofpia mater
Wastes andunnecessarysolutes absorbed
Sectionof choroidplexus
(b) CSF formation by choroid plexuses
Cavity ofventricle
CSF forms as a filtratecontaining glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions(Na+, Cl–, Mg2+, etc.)
150 ml/6-8 hours -Protection-Buoyancy-Stability-Nutrition
Pg 461
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Superiorsagittal sinus
Arachnoid villus
Subarachnoid spaceArachnoid materMeningeal dura materPeriosteal dura mater
Right lateral ventricle(deep to cut)Choroid plexusof fourth ventricle
Central canalof spinal cord
Choroidplexus
Interventricularforamen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueductLateral apertureFourth ventricleMedian aperture
(a) CSF circulation
CSF is produced by thechoroid plexus of eachventricle.
1
CSF flows through theventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord.
2
CSF flows through thesubarachnoid space. 3
CSF is absorbed into the dural venoussinuses via the arachnoid villi. 4
1
2
3
4
Pg 461
Hydrocephaly, Meningitis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.27 Hydrocephalus in a newborn.
Pg 462
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